• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.161-176
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• 2002

This study is a basic research for the estimation of the value of unpaid household labor within the national economy system to be reflected in the related policy-making. By measuring economic value of unpaid household labor and estimating the ration to GDP, this study attempted to confirm the productivity of the unpaid household labor and thus contribute to the improvement of socio-economic status of women. Especially, it focused on the development of a standard of estimating unpaid household labor as a method applicable to the present economic and legal system. To organize the method of economic valuation of unpaid household labor and calculate the ration to GDP, this study used three approaches: replacement cost method individual function, replacement cost method generalist and opportunity cost method. Although the estimated result revealed that the economic value of unpaid household labor showed a great extent of deviation according to the estimating methods and the wage rate, total value of household labor ranged from one hundred and thirty eight to two hundred and thirty trillion wens, about 28-48% of GDP in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.131-143
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to prepare a satellite account of the household sector that is reflected in the current national income account by approving the economic activities of unpaid household labor as production activity and estimating its value. The study produced three results. First, as different methods of evaluation can be useful according to different study goals or the contents of related policies, it is unreasonable to present a single result for estimating unpaid household labor. This study, therefore, presented the values of housework based on 5 methods, ranging from 124 to 150 trillion won. Second, to input the added value of household production from the fixed capital (household durable goods), this study adopted the declining balance method used in the Korea National Statistical Office. As a result, the total consumption of fixed capital was estimated at approximately 18.8 trillion won. Third, the total added value of unpaid household labor was estimated to range from 143 to 169 trillion wens. The amount is a production value excluded from the SNA which needs to be formed as a separate household satellite account. The ratio of this total value added was 30-35.4 percents to the 1999 GDP in Korea(477 trillion wens).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.35-48
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• 1998

The imputation of monetary value of women's contribution to the informal economy for inclusion in satellite accounts to the formal System of National Accounts has been attempted along many methods. This is bases on official laborforce statistics and time-use survey. In this statistical system, household work is not an economic activity(or productive labor). Also, the clssification of activities involved in household work is different from that of sampling survey relating evaluation. The measurement of women's unpaid work is one of the important tasks for the improvement of women's status and the establishment of a development policy. To measure unpaid work in the economic terms, we should take following measures; 1) develop satellite or other official accouts to measure unpaid work outside national accounts. 2) conduct a nation-wide time-use survey to measure the unpaid work. 3) develp a proper classificaition of activities for time-use statistics. 4) reexamine the minimum time criterion. 5) determine a proper method of valuing along the law system.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.23-36
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual condition of labor during the marriage by estimating the total labor-time of husband and wife and to prove the contribution of labor-time to household. The statistical life-time research data of Bureau of Statistics were used to prove the overwork of wives compared with husbands during the marriage. The result of the study can help to prove the wife's contribution of labor-time to household.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.43-60
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine characteristics of unpaid family workers in family-owned businesses and to determine factors associated with their job satisfaction. Analyses of unpaid family workers from whom Korea Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIP) gathered data in 2000 were used to accomplish this. According to these analyses, the important factors in predicting job satisfaction are the age of unpaid family worker, household income, hours of work in a week size of family-owned business, and job classification.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.17-21
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• 2020

Purpose: This paper explores diverse issues related to the problem of women's unpaid domestic care work, and as a factor of gender inequality in their professional practice. Research Design: This article concentrated only on the analysis of secondary data available on the topic along with observation of facts in Kazakhstan based on diverse sources. In current conditions, the problem of women's unpaid domestic care work, and consequently, the lack of enough time and energy for professional employment. Distinguish domestic work vs. job/career/occupation, self-fulfillment, education, and leisure has a significant impact on women's life satisfaction. Data, and Methodology: This article focuses only on secondary data available in different sources from which the researchers procures comprehensive data and information. Results and conclusion: A family policy that aims to promote combining maternity, and domestic work with paid employment is an effective way to increase the proportion of working mothers/women. It is crucial to not only proportionally distribute the household responsibilities in the family but also to form an effective mechanism of state support for women through the development of the social services sector, as well as the adoption of a system-wide approach to gender equality.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2003

This study examines the problematic fact that most housewives are excluded from receiving the benefits of the National Pension Plan in South Korea. The National Pension Plan assigns no value to housework or household production, which in turn discourages full-time housewives from participating voluntarily in the Plan. In this article, I propose to utilize Credit Splitting and Pension Sharing in order to take into account full-time housewives' economic contribution in the National Pension Plan. In this article, I also discuss the ranges and application methods of the Credit Splitting and Pension Sharing. For this study, I have analyzed the data of 11,967 unemployed married women living with spouses published in“Research Data on Everyday Life Time Usage”by the Korea National Statistical Office in 1999. The value of the full-time housewives' labor varies depending on the methods of estimation. However, all estimated values exceed the average value assigned to the housewives by the National Pension Corporation. It is clear that full-time housewives' unpaid labor contributes a great deal to the formation of household property and wealth, which is a valid reason for Pension Sharing and Credit Splitting. This article also provides logical factors to consider in the process of Pension Sharing and Credit Splitting, which can be used for developing computerized software to determine a full-time housewives' labor value at the time of divorce or for any other purpose.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-61
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of changes in household labor among middle-aged generations who are facing dynamic changes in the middle of their life cycle. The research method is a literature study that examines and analyzes related data. Specifically, it aims to analyze the basic characteristics of middle-aged generations and trends in household labor, which are revealed through Time Use Survey, market trend reports, newspaper articles, and books. From the perspective of family resource management, housework is an unpaid activity performed by and for family members, and is an activity that can be replaced by purchasing goods or services from the market. This study focuses on the rapid growth of the home appliance market that replaces housework with the development of technology after industrialization, and how the change of technology affected the efficiency of housework. In addition, the composition and characteristics of middle-aged generations greatly changed according to changes in family structure, form, and family value. Examining the current state of housework and changing trends of middle-aged generations, which have different characteristics from previous generations, is significant in that it can predict future market trends and suggest implications for family policies that support the improvement of the quality of life of middle-aged generations.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.3 s.75
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• pp.53-62
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• 2005

In this study, we challenge recent apocalyptic rhetoric about idle, burdensome, and dependent older people. Our primary objective is to examine and compare the productive activities of older adults in both Korea and Canada using a broader definition of productivity that included household work. Another objective is to identify and compare the factors related to the participation of household work of older adults in both countries. In order to conduct a comparative culture study two data sets were used; one was the 1999 Survey of Time Use collected by Korean Statistics Office and the other was 1998 Survey of Time Use collected by Canadian Statistics Office. Many countries have been collected a time use survey and used to study labor, welfare, and culture. Total number of 17,730 Korean and 2,729 Canadian between when and 84 were included to analyze the data. It is clear from the results that older people engage in productive behaviors, particularly when the definition of activities is broadened to include unpaid work. However, it is also clear the productive contributions in terms of household work ale lower among older Koreans than among older Canadians.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.161-182
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• 2002

The self-employment can provide work time flexibility. Work time flexibility would be a critical factor for married females' labor supply considering allocation of their time to market work and household work. This study used the 1998 and 2000 Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey for the empirical analyses. Applying the bivariate probit model with partial observability, this study analyzed factors related to the choice of participation in labor market and choice of self-employment. Also, this study examined the effects of marriage and the presence of younger children on changes in decisions related to labor supply using the multinomial logit model: exit from the labor market, increasing and decreasing work hours. The presence of the younger children showed a significantly negative effect on the participation in labor market while positive, but insignificant, effect on self-employment. Compared with females working for others, self-employers without employees and unpaid family workers are less likely to exit labor market rather than increasing work hours. The self-employment would be a good alternative to evade females' career interruption and therefore to enhance the potential human resources.