• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2004

Humic substances include several biological active and inactive compounds that are commonly used for improving soil fertility. Use of humic substances in swine diets is a novel concept. Humic substances contain 8,700 mg/kg of iron but its bioavailability is unknown. This study was conducted to test the bioavailability of iron in humic substances for nursery pigs. One hundred twenty five pigs (Newsham, Colorado Springs, CO) were not given supplemental iron while nursing for 21 d. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and allotted to one of five treatments (four control treatments with different levels of supplemented iron; 0, 30, 70 and 88 mg/kg from ${FeSO}_4$ and one treatment with 70 mg/kg iron from humic substances). Pigs were fed diets for 5 wk ad libitum and water was accessible freely. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from pigs on d 28 to measure the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration. Pigs fed a diet with the humic substances grew faster (p<0.05) during the first week postweaning, but performance was not different during the entire 5 wk period. Feed intake and gain/feed were the same among treatments. The slope ratio technique was used to estimate relative iron bioavailability. The concentration of blood hemoglobin did not respond to dietary iron levels using this model. However, the number of red blood cells (106/$\mu$l) was modeled by 4.438+0.017${\times}$ 'ron (mg/kg) from ${FeSO}_4$'0.012${\times}$'ron (mg/kg) from the humic substances' Based on the comparison between the slopes (0.012 from humic substances and 0.017 from ${FeSO}_4$), iron in humic substances was 71% as available as the iron in ${FeSO}_4$. The slopes for dietary feed intake of ${FeSO}_4$ and the iron in humic substances did not differ (p>0.05). Humic substances can replace ${FeSO}_4$ as an alternative iron source for pigs at 71% relative bioavailability.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.417-423
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• 2004

Botanical antimicrobial agent-grapefruit seed extract mixture (BAAG) have an unknown compounds which exhibit the antibiotic activities aganist microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. We have examined the effects of BAAG on the physiological function of Botrytis cinerea which was isolated from necrotic lesions of decayed fruits and vegetables such as cucumbers, grapes, tomatoes, and red peppers during storage. In the results of enzymatic activities related to the energetic metabolism there was no inhibitory effect of BAAG on the activities of several enzymes in vitro including glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, while there was inhibitory effect of BAAG on the activities of hexokinase and succinate dehydrogenase. O-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside(ONPG), the artificial substrate of $\beta$-galactosidase was hydrolyzed in the presence of BAAG, indicating that the membrane was pertubated by the BAAG. From the results we suggested that the antibiotic activity of BAAG is due to the change of membrane permeability of the cell. BAAG was fractionated and purified by silica gel and sephadex column chromatography. Among active fractions two peaks were identified as naringin and limonin when they were analyzed by by NMR and Fast atomic bombardment.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 1998

A Siemens SemiQuant (SSQ) 3000 program, a precalibrated 'standardless' analytical program handling up to 90 elements, was evaluated for the fast analysis of various types of reference materials using a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Various types of standard reference materials such as metal discs, metal chips, and geological materials in powder form were analysed and it took 23 minutes of measuring time for 75 elements. Measurements of geological reference materials using different sampling methods were carried out and their data were interactively evaluated. The analysis of materials of a known matrix concentration such as stainless steels provided higher precision value compared to totally unknown samples. The analyses of materials prepared as pressed pellets or fused glass beads provided higher precision values compared to the measurement of loose powders with a foil on the sample surface and helium operation, though their sampling procedures were more complicate and took more time. Since very light elements such as boron, carbon, and oxygen have a strong influence on the matrix effects and also on the calculation of effective matrix corrections, the rhodium Compton check was applied to verify the reliability of the defined light element concentrations of light matrix materials and the defined major sample compounds. Failure of defining correct matrix resulted in an unoptimized matrix correction and therefore in the wrong calculation of the element concentration.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.663-666
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• 2005

Gas hydrates are ice-like compounds that form at the low temperature and high pressure conditions common in shallow marine sediments at water depths greater than 300-500 m when concentrations of methane and other hydrocarbon gases exceed saturation. Estimates of the total mass of methane carbon that resides in this reservoir vary widely. While there is general agreement that gas hydrate is a significant component of the global near-surface carbon budget, there is considerable controversy about whether it has the potential to be a major source of fossil fuel in the future and whether periods of global climate change in the past can be attributed to destabilization of this reservoir. Also essentially unknown is the interaction between gas hydrate and the subsurface biosphere. ODP Leg 204 was designed to address these questions by determining the distribution, amount and rate of formation of gas hydrate within an accretionary ridge and adjacent basin and the sources of gas for forming hydrate. Additional objectives included identification of geologic proxies for past gas hydrate occurrence and calibration of remote sensing techniques to quantify the in situ amount of gas hydrate that can be used to improve estimates where no boreholes exist. Leg 204 also provided an opportunity to test several new techniques for sampling, preserving and measuring gas hydrates. During ODP Leg 204, nine sites were drilled and cored on southern Hydrate Ridge, a topographic high in the accretionary complex of the Cascadia subduction zone, located approximately 80km west of Newport, Oregon. Previous studies of southern Hydrate Ridge had documented the presence of seafloor gas vents, outcrops of massive gas hydrate, and a pinnacle' of authigenic carbonate near the summit. Deep-towed sidescan data show an approximately $300\times500m$ area of relatively high acoustic backscatter that indicates the extent of seafloor venting. Elsewhere on southern Hydrate Ridge, the seafloor is covered with low reflectivity sediment, but the presence of a regional bottom-simulating seismic reflection (BSR) suggests that gas hydrate is widespread. The sites that were drilled and cored during ODP Leg 204 can be grouped into three end-member environments basedon the seismic data. Sites 1244 through 1247 characterize the flanks of southern Hydrate Ridge. Sites 1248-1250 characterize the summit in the region of active seafloor venting. Sites 1251 and 1252 characterize the slope basin east of Hydrate Ridge, which is a region of rapid sedimentation, in contrast to the erosional environment of Hydrate Ridge. Site 1252 was located on the flank of a secondary anticline and is the only site where no BSR is observed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2003

When Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTY62, a high-RNA content yeast, was cultivated by fed-batch mode feeding molasses and com steep liquor, the cell density less than 45g-DCW/L and the RNA content less than 140mg/g-cell were obtained, indicating that unknown compounds inhibiting the cell growth and RNA accumulation are contained in the molasses. Therefore, in order to obtain higher levels of cell density and RNA content, $Ca^{++}$, $Cu^{++}$and $K^{+}$ ions in molasses were removed by pretreatments of molasses with various agents such as IonClear BigBead, $Na_2$$HPO_4$, $H_2$$SO_4$, citric acid, $K_2$$HPO_4$, and EDT A. Among them, IonClear BigBead, $Na_2$$HPO_4$, and EDTA gave the highest $Ca^{++}$ removal efficiency of about 60-90%. In the batch culture with pretreated molasses, the cell concentration of 18.6g-DCW/I and RNA concentration of 3127 mg/I, maximum specific growth rate of 0.459$h^{-1}$ , and specific consumption rate of reducing sugar of 1.28g-sugar/g-cell-h were obtained, which are about 10%, 17%,47%, and 36% higher levels, respectively, over the batch culture with untreated molasses.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.176-183
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• 1993

Photolysis experiments were conducted to investigate the stability of a new insecticide, [O,O-Diethyl O-(1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-pyrazoyl) thiophosphoric acid ester: KH-502] under the various conditions. In the photolysis experiment, KH-502 was, after being added into the acetone or acetonitrile solution, irradiated under the sunlight or UV lamp $(300{\sim}350nm)$, where acetone or acetonitrile solution was varied with water and $O_2$contents and was treated with humic acid, rosebengal or tryptophan. Results for stability and degradation pattern of KH-502 from the above experiment can be summarized as follows: 1. The significant difference in KH-502 decomposition due to photolysis was shown for between KH-502s irradiated at $300{\sim}350$ nm and non-irradiated. KH-502 was photolyzed in the acetone by the sensitizing effect, but was stable in the acetonitrile. 2. The degradation pattern of KH-502 in the photolysis was different as compared to that in the thermal decomposition, and the decomposed products were O,O-Diethyl O-(1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-pyrazoyl)phosphoric acid ester (KH-502 oxo form), O,S-Diethyl O-(1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-pyrazoyl)phosphorothiolate(S-ethyl KH-502), 1-Phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-hydroxy pyrazole (PTMHP) and several unknown compounds. 3. Treatments of acetone or acetonitrile solution with humic acid, rosebengal or tryptophan revealed no-sensitizing effect on the photolysis of KH-502. Dissolved oxygen in the acetone played as a cosensitizer with acetone competitively to enhance the photolysis of KH-502. 4. Treatments of acetone with humic acid or paddy soil water collected from fields decreased the photolysis of KH-502.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.263-269
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• 2008

Hydrazinocurcumin (HC), a synthetic derivative of curcumin, has been reported to inhibit angiogenesis via unknown mechanisms. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the drug's action is important for the development of improved compounds with better pharmacological properties. A genome-wide drug-induced haploinsufficiency screening of fission yeast gene deletion mutants has been applied to identify drug targets of HC. As a first step, the 50% inhibition concentration $(IC_{50})$ of HC was determined to be $2.2{\mu}M$. The initial screening of 4,158 mutants in 384-well plates using robotics was performed at concentrations of 2, 3, and $4{\mu}M$. A second screening was performed to detect sensitivity to HC on the plates. The first screening revealed 178 candidates, and the second screening resulted in 13 candidates, following the elimination of 165 false positives. Final filtering of the condition-dependent haploinsufficient genes gave eight target genes. Analysis of the specific targets of HC has shown that they are related to septum formation and the general transcription processes, which may be related to histone acetyltransferase. The target mutants showed 65% growth inhibition in response to HC compared with wild-type controls, as shown by liquid culture assay.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.314-324
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the herbicidal action characteristics of EK3143 and EK3150, newly synthesized cyclohexanedione analogues, and their inhibitory effects on the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity isolated from various plants. Sethoxydim, a typical cyclohexanedione herbicide, had a high herbicidal activity against only grasses with growth inhibition, leaf chlorosis and necrosis. EK3143 and EK3150 had a lower effect against grasses but a higher effect against broadleaf plants such as black nightshade and velvetleaf than sethoxydim had. Low rate application of EK3143 induced leaf bleaching(whitening), while high rate application induced the same symptoms as those of sethoxydim. EK3150 induced more significant whitening, additionally accompanying a curling of meristem part in broadleaf plants. A consistant tendency was observed between the growth inhibition against grasses and the senstivity of grass ACCase to these compounds, but not between herbicidal activities against broadleaf plants and the senstivity of dicotyledonous ACCase; i.e. EK3150, which had higher herbicidal activity against black nightshade and velvetleaf than EK3143 had in greenhouse, rather showed lower ACCase inhibition. In EK3150-treated barnyardgrass, growth inhibition occurred prior to decrease of photosynthetic pigments, in contrast to that of norflurazon and EK3140. These results suggest that EK3143 and EK3150 may have two target sites, ACCase and an unknown site on fatty acid synthesis related to growth inhibition and bleaching respectively, and their symptoms would be appeared in different degree by a differential binding affinity between two action sites.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.986-992
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• 2009

Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical mediators of the innate immune system to defend viral infection. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) play critical roles in type I IFN production in response to viral infection. Luteolin is natural polyphenolic compounds that have anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-carcinogenic effects. However, the mechanism of action and impact of luteolin on innate immunity is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin on the lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. Luteolin inhibited Type I IFNs expression of mRNA and increased interleukin(IL)-10 expression of mRNA. Next, we examined the protective effects of IL-10 using IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA). Blockade of IL-10 action didn't cause a significant reduction of Type I IFNs than LPS-induced luteolin pretreatment. Pretreatment of luteolin inhibited the level of IRF-1, and IRF-7 mRNA and the nuclear translocation of IRF-3. Also, luteolin reduced the activation of STAT - 1, 3. Theses results suggest that luteolin inhibits LPS-induced the production of Type I IFNS by both IRFs and STATs not IL-10 and may be a beneficial drug for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.791-798
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• 2014

Cirsium setidens Nakai, a wild perennial, is widely consumed as a food and traditional medicine in Korea. In addition, diverse functionalities of C. setidens Nakai, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, have been reported. However, whether or not C. setidens Nakai and its major compound, pectolinarin have high nutritional value and functional properties remains unknown. This paper investigated the proximate compositions, mineral contents, hepatoprotective activities, hepatic fat accumulation inhibitory activities, and anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of C. setidens Nakai and its component parts, including of pectolinarin. The result showed that C. setidens Nakai and its major compounds have potential as a functional food material with natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.