• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.519-526
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• 2005

In this paper, we prove that every exchange ring can be characterized by potent elements. Also we extend [10, Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 4.1] to quasi-clean rings in which every element is a sum of a potent element and a unit.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2010

This study aims to seek a direction of development in apartment interior planning method, considering residential condition and historical planning schemes in South Korea and China. In this study, South Korea and China's traditional housing and modern apartment unit was studied to identify environmental attributes of residence. For Korea, Banga, where upper class residents lived, and modern urban Hanok were chosen to be analyzed. For China, two types of housing wear studied: Sahapwon, original form of China housing, and Yinong house which is a typical Sanghai house. First, the elements of living environment in two major cities; Seoul and Sanghai was defined to analyze factors of traditional houses in both cities. Depending on those factors, relationship among traditional and modern housing types were compared and analyzed, focusing on unit plan case studies for a better understanding of living environment in South Korea and China. From this study, similarities and differences between apartment plans in Seoul and Shanghai was examined according to their residential style, surrounding natural environment and lifestyle factors. In Seoul's apartment, spacial composition and movement lines were mainly formed around the public space in Seoul, while public space of living and dining room was located at housing entrance area in the Shanghai's residential system, configuring narrow form of housing unit. In respect of the natural environment, the unit plan of rectangular form in Seoul was more efficient in day lighting and wind circulation than the unit plan of narrow form in Shanghai. It was also found that cultural differences of stand-up and seat life style influenced on the composition of unit plans in Seoul and Shanghai.n Apartment cases in Seoul and Shanghai.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.35-51
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• 2002

This study is on the architectural planning and factors for secondary schools. The methods in the approach to the results were settled. A sample of factors that affect architectural scale design were drawn from architectural design direction for a secondary school architectural scale estimation direction. These factors arc broken into primary elements and situational elements. Primary elements include students, teachers, and time. Situational elements include public use percentage, classroom percentage, unit area, coefficient of utilization, etc. The 7 architectural planning criteria to cover changes of various architectural scale design elements are the following; 1) consideration of students selection percentage, 2) consideration of the number of teachers, 3) a variety of possible classrooms, 4) organic operation, 5) efficient time management, 6) consideration of different teaching method depending on subjects, 7) coefficient of utilization with flexibility.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.506-508
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• 2006

A frequency selective surface (FSS), whose unit cell consists of a ternary tree loop loaded with a modified tripole, is proposed to block multiple frequency bands. Target frequency bands correspond to Korean personal communication services, cellular mobile communication, and 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical bands. Through the adjustment of inter-element and inter-unit cell gaps, and adjustment of the length of elements, we present an FSS design method that makes the precise tuning of multiple resonance frequencies possible. Additionally, to verify the validity of our approach, simulation results obtained from a commercial software tool and experimental data are also presented.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

The final aim of this study was to propose guidelines for the indoor environment of apartment remodeling projects. The first task of this study was to understand the major elements and the actual condition of the remodeling for apartment unit by carrying out in-depth interviews on residents and specialists. The open-access interviews were conducted with interior designers who have a wide experience of apartment remodeling and residents who live in recently remodeled apartment units. The second task was to evaluate the actual condition of the indoor environment and to analyze the main factors that affect the indoor environment in remodeled apartment units. Field measurements were carried out in twenty apartment units occupied after remodeling, recording indoor environment elements (indoor temperature, globe temperature, relative humidity, $CO_2$, CO, PM10, TVOC, HCHO, illumination, and equivalent noise level). Moreover, resident interviews and researcher observations were carried out to determine the contents of the remodeled unit and to investigate the architectural and living factors(like ventilation characteristics, etc.) related to the indoor environment. The results are as follows. The remodeling elements generally included the changing of lighting fixtures and finishing materials in all the spaces, the integration of the balcony into the children's room, the installation of furniture in the kitchen and the entrance, the changing storage furnitures and equipments in the bathroom. The average levels of each unit of relative humidity, $CO_2$, TVOC, HCHO, equivalent noise level, and illumination were proved to be on the whole in inadequate condition. The factors that affect these indoor elements were classified as remodeling factors (remodeling amounts, extent balcony integration, and lighting fixture exchange), ventilation characteristics, and living factors. According to these results, this research proposed the guidelines for the indoor environment in apartment remodeling projects.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a standard AI developer job training track based on industry needs. The characteristic of this curriculum is that it can minimize the mismatch of AI developer job competency between industries and universities. To develop an AI developer job training track, a survey will be conducted for AI developers working in industrial fields. In this survey, among the five NCS-based AI developer jobs, job analysis is conducted by deriving AI developer jobs with high demand for manpower in industrial fields. In job analysis, the core competency unit elements of the job are selected, and knowledge, skills, tools, etc. necessary to perform the core competency unit elements are derived. In addition, a standard AI developer job curriculum is developed by deriving core subjects and road-map that can educate knowledge, skills, tools, etc. In addition, we present an efficient AI developer job training method using the standard AI developer job training course proposed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.793-807
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• 2020

Stable range of rings is a unifying concept for problems related to the substitution and cancellation of modules. The newly appeared element-wise setting for the simplest case of stable range one is tempting to study the lifting property modulo ideals. We study the lifting of elements having (idempotent) stable range one from a quotient of a ring R modulo a two-sided ideal I by providing several examples and investigating the relations with other lifting properties, including lifting idempotents, lifting units, and lifting of von Neumann regular elements. In the case where the ring R is a left or a right duo ring, we show that stable range one elements lift modulo every two-sided ideal if and only if R is a ring with stable range one. Under a mild assumption, we further prove that the lifting of elements having idempotent stable range one implies the lifting of von Neumann regular elements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.31B no.3
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• pp.60-68
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• 1994

In this paper, the multiplicative algorithm of two polynomials over finite field GF(($p^{m}$) is presented. Using the presented algorithm, the multiple-valued multiplier of the serial input-output modular structure by CCD is constructed. This multiple-valued multiplier on CCD is consisted of three operation units: the multiplicative operation unit, the modular operation unit, and the primitive irreducible polynomial operation unit. The multiplicative operation unit and the primitive irreducible operation unit are composed of the overflow gate, the inhibit gate and mod(p) adder on CCD. The modular operation unit is constructed by two mod(p) adders which are composed of the addition gate, overflow gate and the inhibit gate on CCD. The multiple-valued multiplier on CCD presented here, is simple and regular for wire routing and possesses the property of modularity. Also. it is expansible for the multiplication of two elements on finite field increasing the degree mand suitable for VLSI implementation.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.397-405
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• 1997

Recently maximum likelihood estimators using unconditional likelihood function are used for testing unit roots. When one wants to use this method the determinant term of initial values in the multivariate unconditional likelihood function produces a complicated function of the elements in the coefficient matrix and variance matrix. In this paper an approximation of the determinant term is calculated and based on this aproximation an approximated unconditional likelihood function is calculated. The approximated unconditional maximum likelihood estimators can be used to test for unit roots. When multivariate process has one unit root the limiting distribution obtained by this method and the limiting distribution using exact unconditional likelihood function are the same.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.63-68
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• 2015

A novel unit cell for a high pass filter was designed based on a composite right/left-handed structure that uses a folded coplanar waveguide. The equivalent circuit model for the unit cell was extracted from the geometry of the unit cell, and the effect of each main parameter of the unit cell was analyzed. The equations to calculate the immittance values of the equivalent circuit elements were formulated, and moreover, the dispersion characteristics and energy the distributions of the electromagnetic fields were simulated to determine the characteristics of the composite right/left-handed structure. Finally, the high pass filters were implemented as a series of the proposed unit cells. We show that the experimental results were in good agreement with those obtained from the simulation. Thus, the high pass filter was found to achieve a baseband insertion loss of 3 dB and a stopband attenuation of 70 dB.