• KIEAE Journal
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2002

Recently, underground spaces can be usually applied to the alternative of land use for parking. However, lack of window and natural light are among the most cited drawbacks associated with dark image of underground. If underground parking lots are designed to be positive and safe environment for people, openings for daylighting will play a significant role. The natural light and unobstructed view to outdoor are main elements to create optimal underground parking lots. This paper focuses on investigating the actual day lighting conditions and evaluating the day lighting performance of openings as potential lighting resources. For the study, the field measurements and Questionnaire surveys are conducted. And then, the day lighting performance of underground parking lots based on opening geometry and orientation are evaluated by scaled model experiments. As results, the feelings of safety and orientation of underground parking lots are improved by openings for day lighting regardless of the sizes. The required illuminances (daylight factor 0.5%) for underground parking lots can be satisfied in the skylight opening ratio of 4% or more.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2009년 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.113-117
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• 2009

By statistics in August, 2007, currently Korean motors registration number broke through 16 million units. The demand of motors is being increased as time goes on and the demand of parking lot within apartment complex is increased together. Therefore, it is inevitable to expand underground parking lots. Underground parking lots have relatively weaker environment than the ground and physical/psychological problems as distance far away from the main building, fear for vehicle damage and crimes, impure air, darkness and closed feeling take place. Underground parking lots also occupy a lot of area ratio within apartment complex and have a lot of effects on other facilities. Therefore, underground parking lots are neglected for all that underground parking lots have deep relations with satisfaction for public space within apartment complex. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to make reference materials when underground parking lots are planned by grasping satisfaction of underground parking lots through inhabitants'mental survey and surveying preferential location and requirements of parking lots.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2012

As a series of studies about natural ventilation driven by wind in basement parking lots of apartment, the influence of opening size and surrounding buildings on ventilation rate was analyzed. Natural ventilation in underground parking lots almost rely on wind than temperature difference. To investigate natural ventilation driven by wind, wind tunnel tests by using scale model and tracer gas method were conducted. $CO_2$-gas concentration was measured, natural ventilation rates were calculated. The experimental results showed that the natural ventilation rate is more reliable to wind direction and surrounding building than opening size and distance between buildings. It was verified that surrounding buildings play a principal role in increasing air flow rate by accelerating wind speed, and growing turbulence intensity. And it showed that ventilation performance is able to be increased by oblique wind to entrance ramp than head on wind in underground parking lots with surrounding buildings.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

The main purpose of the research is to prevent residents who are using underground parking lot from being exposed to pollusion, and to allow them to enjoy clean indoor environment. The study subject for the research are underground parking lots in 20 different apartments, 4 of them were constructed before 2000, 10 were constructed from 2000-2010, and the rest were constructed after 2010. By analyzing the air quality in these underground parking lots, we found out that O3, NO2, CO, PM10, Radon in all parking lots were not excessive compared to the standard limit. TVOC rate was measured with the value in between 312 ~ 2,137㎍/m3, with CO2 value in between 193~1,824 ppm, and HCHO with the value in between 0.01~1.52ppm. The lightning system in underground parking lots in apartments constructed before 2000 were using manual light control system, while automatic light control system was used in all apartments constructed after 2000, and the brightness of parking lots in apartments constructed before 2000 was quite low. The apartments constructed after 2000 are performing cleaning and ventilation due to management agreement, while the apartments constructed before 2000 are not performing regular cleaning and there was no mechanical ventilation system installed. The difference of indoor air quality was significant seasonally, daily, and yearly (year of construction), while illuminance was significantly different yearly.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2009

1985년과 1997년 차량등록대수가 각각 100만대와 1,000만대를 돌파하면서 주로 지상에 설치되었던 공동주택의 주차장이 지하에 설치되는 계기가 마련되었다. 이에 따라 공동주택의 식재설계도 많은 변화가 뒤따랐다. 본 연구에서는 청주시에 위치한 공동주택단지를 대상으로, 주차장 설치기준을 지상형, 지상 지하혼합형 그리고 지하형으로 구분하여 식재설계 특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 세대당 주차율은 지상형에 비해 지하주차장을 설치하기 시작한 지상 지하혼합형에서 2배 이상의 증가를 나타냈다. 지하주차장 설치비율이 매우 높아진 지하형으로 바뀌면서 세대당 1대 이상을 주차율을 확보할 수 있었다. 녹지율은 지상형에서 지상 지하 혼합형으로 바뀌면서 큰 변화는 없었지만, 전용면적당 녹지율은 오히려 감소하여 녹지의 질적인 측면에서는 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 2000년도 이후에 건설된 공동주택의 주차장은 대부분 지하에 조성되어 녹지면적이 증가되는 경향을 나타냈다. 식재설계에 사용되는 수종은 병충해에 약하고 혐오감을 줄 수 있는 수종은 점차 사라지는 추세이며 수형이 아름답고, 꽃과 열매를 감상할 수 있는 수종이 많이 식재되는 특성을 나타냈다. 상록수의 식재는 공동주택 건설 초기에 많이 식재되었던 향나무는 점차 줄어들고, 소나무의 식재가 많이 늘어나는 추세였다. 2000년 이후에 건설된 지하형 공동주택에서부터 식재되기 시작한 초화류는 꽃을 감상할 수 있고, 화려한 외형적 특징으로 앞으로의 사용은 더욱 증가할 것으로 예견되었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2010

Recently, indoor air quality (IAQ) has been one of the major concerns of people. Indoor parking lots are subject to be exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants emitted from vehicles. This study was performed to investigate indoor air quality (IAQ) at indoor parking lots. Sampling sites were selected 5 indoor parking lots. Target indoor air quality parameters include a number of criteria pollutants such PM$_{10}$, CO, CO$_2$, and HCHO. In addition, a variation of IAQ according to ventilation system operating was measured at C site (underground parking lot). In general, all pollutants were maintained below indoor air quality maintenance standards. The indoor air quality at indoor parking lots was affected by the availability of the ventilation facility and their operation frequency. At the underground parking lot (C site) with ventilation system, TVOC concentration according to ventilation system operating were found to be lower operating (488.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$) than non-operating (1,401.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$).

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2003

Nowadays, there are many problems of traffic and parking in residential areas. This study begins analysis the parking situations in apartment complex. It originated from understanding of the parking preference of users about underground and ground parking lots. The method of this study is based on field survey of parking demand and thoughts of users of underground parking lot. There are so many parking problems in apartment complex that is due to the absence of parking demand data. So the goal of this study is to provide a solution of parking problems in apartment complex through understanding of the actual condition of parking problems, the preference and the reason of users about underground parking lot in apartment complex.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2018년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.337-338
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• 2018

In recent years, residential apartment building parking lots are built in underground spaces, and with conjunction to improve the environment of the urban area, artificial greeen roof systems are installed on the upper slabs. However, early plant growth are resulting in root penetration into concrete cracks and in turn into the waterproofing membranes, leading to degradation and damaging of the waterproofing system and structural durability. This issue highlights a problem of conventional maintenance system of concrete structures, and proposals for amendments follow. In this study, a waterproofing and root barrier construction design for the upper slabs of residential building underground parking lots is proposed, and motioned to be added into future construction specifications.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2014

The objective of the present study was to identify ventilation problems, and also to suggest new axial fan systems for the improvement of IAQ in the underground parking lots. Numerical results for air mean-velocity, local mean age, and sound power level are presented along with some of fan angles. The results showed the influence of airflow patterns on the fan performances installed in the underground parking lots. Discharge air volume is increased with the angle of the blade. And also, the main factors affecting the noise of the ventilation fan was found to be a rotational speed.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.250-258
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• 2018

Objectives: The study examined indoor air quality during daytime and commute times in underground parking lots in five apartments located in northern Gyeonggi province. Methods: This study examined the temporal characteristics of $PM_{10}$, $CO_2$, CO, HCHO and VOCs in the indoor air quality of the underground parking lots in five apartments. Results: $PM_{10}$ concentration in daytime were ranged from 37.4 to $69.9{\mu}g/m^3$ which complied with the indoor air quality maintenance standard ($200{\mu}g/m^3$) and Gyeonggi province ordinance standard ($180{\mu}g/m^3$). However $PM_{10}$ concentrations in commuting time were in range of $447.3{\sim}944.0{\mu}g/m^3$ that exceeded for both criteria. The $CO_2$, CO and HCHO concentrations complied with the standard. The VOCs indicated high tendency in the order of toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and benzene. This tendency was more apparent in commuting time than daytime. Conclusion: All indoor parking lots of five apartments were equipped with ventilators. However the most apartment residents did not operate blowers to save electricity and the lack of interest for indoor air quality. In order to improve the indoor air quality of underground parking lots in apartment, operating ventilation system during commuting time is recommended.