• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2014

Silkworm (Bombyx mori ) feces have long been used in the pharmaceutical and food industries as a natural colorant. However, there is limited data on the bioactive compounds that constitute silkworm feces. This research emphasizes the antioxidant activity of different solvent and flavonoid extracts of silkworm feces. The solvents were ethanol, butanol, and water, while the methods utilized included ultrasonification, stirrer, reflux, and reflux after ultrasonification extraction. Results showed that butanol ultrasonification extraction (BUE) yield the lowest extraction (1.75%), while the other methods yielded 7 to 14%. The total polyphenol content utilizing BUE was 3.3 mg TAE/g, while water ultrasonification extraction (WUE) yielded the highest extraction rate with 51.6 mg TAE/g. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher using ethanol reflux extraction (EUE) at 266.8 mg QRE/g BUE, which was 158.3 and 151.3 mg QRE/g. Both DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like (superoxide dismutase) activity, showed significant antioxidant effects. Finally, all other extracts except for BUE had a-glucosidase inhibition at 60%. Therefore, an effective extraction method for physiologically active substances must be selected.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2008

Immune-potentiation of Chicorium endivia L. were investigated on follows extracts associated with ultrasonification process at 60 kHz and showed the highest promotion of human B and T cell growth, about $10{\sim}20%$ compared to the control. The secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 was also enhanced by the addition $(0.5mg/m{\ell})$ of the extracts. NK cell activation was Improved up to 1.37 times higher than the control, through adding extracts. It was also found that extracts from C. endivia L. could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccaharides (LPS). It can be concluded that, in general, the extracts treated with ultrasonification has higher immune activity than others, possibly by higher yielding immune-modulatory activity than conventional extraction process. The optimum condition for the extraction of C. endivia L. is ethanol extraction at $60{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ associated with ultrasonification.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Immune activities of Opuntia ficus indica L. Miller were investigated through aqueous extracts associated with ultrasonification process at $60^{\circ}C$, and showed the highest promotion of human B and T cell growth, up to 52% and 41%, respectively, compared to the control. The secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-60 was also enhanced by the addition $(0.5mg/m{\ell})$ of the extracts, up to 48%. NK cell activation was significantly improved up to 1.3 times higher than the case of adding other extracts. It was also found that extracts from O. ficus indica could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccaharides (LPS). It can be concluded that, in general, the extracts treated with ultrasonification has higher Immune acitivities than others, possibly by higher yielding immune-modulatory than conventional extraction process. The optimum condition for the extraction of O. ficus-indicais water extraction associated with ultrasonification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.891-895
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate enhancement of antioxidant activities of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge fruit by different extraction processes. Extracts were SE (stirrer extraction; 70% ethanol extract at $25^{\circ}C$, control), RE (reflux extraction at $60^{\circ}C$), and USE (ultrasonification for 3 h at $60^{\circ}C$ with 70% ethanol), respectively. Compared to SE, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in USE increased to 104.03% and 302.4%, respectively. USE showed the highest activity at 1.0 mg/mL concentration for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Our results suggest that extracts from the ultrasonification process have relatively high antioxidative activities, and that fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge could be considered as a candidate functional antioxidant agents. These results would be useful for chemical and biological studies on natural plants and its products.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2004

The effect of ultrasonification on immuno-stimulatory activities of the extracts from Ephedra sinica Stapf and Rubus coreanus Miq. was observed by the growth of human immune cells. The extraction yields from water extracts and water extract with ultrasonification at 40$^{\circ}C$, 60$^{\circ}C$ and 100$^{\circ}C$ were compared. The highest yield was observed enhancement ratio 2.34% in the extract at 40$^{\circ}C$ with ultrasonification. The growth of human T-cell was increased up to 13.8${\times}$10$^4$ viable cells/$m\ell$ in adding 1.0 g/L of the ultrasonification extracts. The treated extracts increased the specific secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ up to 10.5${\times}$10$\^$-4/ pg/cell. It was suggested that of the extracts on water the extraction yield with ultrasonification compared improved the extraction with ultrasonification of low than.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.673-676
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• 1991

Lipids and protein were extracted simultaneously from soybean flour by aqeous processing. Extraction yields of lipids and protein were 62 and 68%, respectively, when 120-150 mesh full-fat soybean flour was dispersed in six times of water (w/w) at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 8. Supplementary treatment for the higher extraction yields such as proteolytic enzymes treatment improved extraction yields of lipids and protein up to 86 and 89%, respectively. Ultrasonification also improved extraction yields of lipids and protein up to 90%. Red and yellow colors of aqeous-extracted soybean oil were slightly darker than those of hexane-extracted oil, but were much lighter in colors than those of Folch-extracted oil.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.311-320
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• 2009

The low quality fresh ginseng was fermented by Phelinus linteus or Hericium erinaceum mycelium. This fermented ginseng was extracted by water at $100^{\circ}C$ or water with ultrasonification at $60^{\circ}C$. Total phenolic compounds was improved by ultrasonification extraction process, compare to conventional water extraction. All extracts enhanced the growth of human B and T cells, showing 2.68 times and 3.43 times higher, respectively, than the control. The secretion of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 from human immune cells was enhanced as $3.53{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell$, $3.40{\times}10^{-4}\;pg/cell$ by adding H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng yielded higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) was as low as 20.5% in adding the maximum concentration of $1.0\;mg/m{\ell}$ of fermented ginseng. Generally, the extracts from ultrasonification extraction process showed 10% lower toxicity than that by conventional process. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng had the highest anticancer activity on human lung cancer and stomach cancer cells as 69.33% and 75.32%, respectively at $1.0\;mg/m{\ell}$. It can be concluded that, in general, H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng has relatively better immune and anticancer activities than P. linteus fermented ginseng. Expecially, the extracts treated with ultrasonification had higher activities than that from conventional extraction process.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.294-300
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the increasing of immune activities from Centella asiatica L. Urban by several solvent extraction with ultrasonification process. Ethanol extracts at $60^{\circ}C$ and associated with ultrasofication showed more 15% yield than normal $100^{\circ}C$ water extracts. And ethanol extracts showed higher yield than water extraction at each process. It can be concluded that yield due to polarity of compound in C. asiatica from HPLC peak. All of extracts from C. asiatica revealed lower cytotoxicity than 32%. The ethanol extracts with ultrasofication showed higher promotion on human B and T cell growth, about 10% compared to the control. The secretion of IL-6 and TNF-a was also enhanced as $4.86\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;pg/cell$ and $5.73\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;pg/cell$ each, by the addition ethanol extracts with ultrasonification to T cell. NK cell activation was improved up to 10% higher than the control, through adding the samples. It can be concluded that the ethanol extracts from C. asiatica has higher immune activities followed by ultrasonification process, possibly, by higher yield than conventional extraction process.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.91-99
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• 2010

The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of ultrasonification on extraction yield and chemical properties of green tea infusion. Changes in total soluble matter(TSM), vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, flavonols, catechins, caffeine, free amino acids contents in green tea infusion(GTI) influenced by ultrasonification at $60^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature for 1, 5, 30, and 60 min were investigated. The amount of infused TSM increased about 5.3% by ultrasonification for 60min. Vitamin C contents also increased 0.21, 0.16, 0.31 mg/g from 1 to 30 min by ultrasonification. However, vitamin C decreased from 2.47 to 2.22 mg/g at 60min. Total phenol compounds contents increased about 10~13 mg/g on all extraction times by ultrasonification. Flavonols such as, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol were increased to doubled contents as an influence of ultrasonification. Catechins such as, EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC, (+)-C and caffeine contents showed same tendency as the results of vitamin C. On the other hand, result of free amino acids showed different tendency. All amounts of free amino acids did not increase by ultrasonification. Consequently, content of bioactive compounds such as, vitamin C, total phenolic, flavonols and catechins in green tea infusion were influenced by ultrasonification.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2016

Background: This study represents the first report that the anti-obesity activity of ethanol extracts of Aronia melanocarpa can be enhanced through ultrasonification at a frequency of 120 kHz at $60^{\circ}C$ (UE). Methods and Results: The amounts of cyanidin-3-O-galactose (cya-gal), a major anthocyanin in A. melanocarpa were higher by up to 402.4 mg/100 g, as compared with 221.4 mg/100 g and 322.1 mg/100 g, for hot water at $100^{\circ}C$ and 70% ethanol at $80^{\circ}C$ respectively. This result should cause the higher antioxidant activities of the UE than extract of hot water and ethanol in DPPH free radical scavenging. It was confirmed that the high antioxidant activity of UE could play an important role in inhibiting the production of proteins related to adipocyte differentiation, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-${\gamma}$ (PPAR-${\gamma}$) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Conclusions: Ultrasonification at a frequency of 120 kHz at $60^{\circ}C$ should result in better anti-obesity activity than that observed using other processes. It was also observed for the first time that the anti-obesity activity of A. melanocarpa was associated with its antioxidant activity, possibly due to the higher elution of intact cya-gal, owing to efficient low temperature ultrasonification extraction. These results could also be applied to improve other biological activities of medicinal herbs that contain many types of heat-labile bioactive substances.