• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.185-202
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• 2018

Many ecological studies regarding forest succession, which is the process of arriving at climax forest through ecological changes, have suggested that Carpinus laxiflora is the leading tree type of the climax forest of temperate zone in South Korea. However, most of these studies on C. laxiflora forest have focused on vegetation structure and succession process in specific areas or regional physiognomical forest communities, and thus some may question whether it is rational to consider C. laxiflora forest as the climax forest in South Korea's temperate forest zone. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation classification, species composition, and stratum structure and to investigate the succession tendency with the vegetation data collected from C. laxiflora forests in 75 quadrates in 17 mountains between 2014 and 2017. We used the phytosociological method to analyze the vegetation structure and the importance value to analyze the stratum structure. The results showed the floristic composition of 6 vegetation units and 9 species groups. The hierarchy of the C. laxiflora community group was represented by the Ulmus laciniata community, Corylus heterophylla community (subdivided Quercus aliena group and Corylus heterophylla typical group), and Rhododendron schlippenbachii community (subdivided Fraxinus chiisanensis group, Carpinus tschonoskii group, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii typical group). Successional tendency of C. laxiflora forest based on the importance of each layer is predicted to be the total of three types such as to maintain the stand (vegetation units 2, 3, and 6), to success the Carpinus cordata forest (vegetation units 1 and 4), and to success Quercus acuta forest (vegetation unit 5).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.379-389
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• 2007

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation structure of Mt. Gaya from April to October in 2006 using phytosociological analysis methodology of Z-M schools. One hundred study sites(quadrat) were surveyed in the area. The forest vegetation was classified into 3 community groups such as Pinus densiflora community group, Cornus controversa community group and artificial forest group. P, densiflora community group was subdivided into 4 communities such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii community. Salix gracilistyla community, Meliosma oldhamii community and P. densiflora typical community. R. schlippendbachii community was subdivided into Potentilla dickinsii group(subdivided into Carpinus coreana subgroup and Melandrynum firmum subgroup) and R. schlippenbachiitypical group. Cornus controversa community group was also subdivided into 4 communities such as Hovenia dulcis community, Quercus aliena community, Ribes maximowicianum community and C. controversa typical community. Artificial forest type indicated 3 communities such as Larix leptolepis community, Pinus rigida community and Castanea crenata community. Accordingly, the vegetation pattern of the surveyed areas were classified into 3 community groups, 11 communities, 2 groups, and 2 subgroups and the forest vegetation was classified into 13 units in total. It is also believed that C. coreana subgroup and M. oldhamii community could be a source for a significant basic data for making vegetation hierarchy and forest distribution zone in the Korean peninsula. H. dulcis community was also considered to be one of the important genetic resources; therefore, those distribution areas are required to be institutionally protected and managed in the near future.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.9-22
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• 2011

Some Volunteer Fire-Fighting Teams (VFFTs) play an important role in Civilian Volunteer Disaster Prevention by being managed effectively, but the others do not. There can be many cause-analyses about this difference. VFFTs aren't a profit-making organization and are a group which has no compulsion. So it is important that who the leader is, and what type of leadership he has. Furthermore VFFTs have hierarchy like fire-fighting teams and so the leader's command and judgement bring about the actual distinction in the organizational operation. Under this background, the survey has been carried out on the trust of leader and leadership type which may maximize the organization commitment. Consequently, to make efficiency of District Disaster & Volunteer Aid Network increase by augmenting organization commitment. The leader of VFFTs should get the transformational leadership rather than transactional leadership and have paternal or democratic leadership in the decision-making process. Especially we have to create a traditional and unique korean Volunteer fire-fighting organization culture through paternal leadership. Additionally, the trust on leaders should be recognized as a fundamental factor to obtain more performances beyond expectation by increasing the success and output of the team, mutual understanding and cooperation.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-75
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• 1999

This study concern with the pattern of Pusan Station Shopping District within Pusan City, Korea, one of the third ranked centers within Pusan-the first ranked is CBD, the second is subCBD, the third are Spa Shopping district, Tongnae shopping district, Jobang-Ap shopping district and Yangjeong shopping district. This paper serves as a part of series studies which attempt to clarify the internal structure of Pusan as a whole. Part(I) of this study deals with the pattern of functions including information & culture, business, recreation and retailing. The results are as follows. 1. Pusan Station is one of higher ranked class of central places within Pusan City. But the ratio of dwelling houses is the highest in Pusan Station among the 9 higher ranked central places within Pusan. It means that the residential areas still remain along the maze type of narrower streets inner part of the blocks, especially western belt of this shopping district. 2. Business functions are one of the important criteria which classified the central places within the city and Pusan Station is the first ranked shopping districts in terms of these criteria among the 9 higher ranked central places including CBD within Pusan City. It suggests that Pusan Station is the miniature of the CBD, SubCBD is not the miniature of CBD in the view point of business function. It also means that Pusan Station Shopping District has been developed as a special shopping district or as a special central place. It has not been evolved as a center of the hierarchy of central places within the city by the natural or organic growth. 3. Pusan Station as 'the third space or drinking place' and it's characteristics as a amusement center presents at so called the 'Texas Town'-free tax area- whose customers are mainly U. S. soldiers and foreign sailors. But from the 1990s, this 'Town' changed to 'Russian Town', You can easy to meet many Russians and Russian lettered signboards-not English- along the street. 4. Convenient stores distribute mainly at back streets or along the narrower streets. It means that this kinds of stores have a residential oriented character. And a certain convenient stores locate with almost same distances. It suggests that it's hinterland is limited in nearer neighborhoods.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.637-651
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• 2019

In the event of a major accident such as an explosion in a refinery or a petrochemical plant, it has caused a serious loss of life and property and has had a great impact on the insurance market. In the case of catastrophic incidents occurring in process industries such as refinery and petrochemical plants, only the proximate causes of loss have been drawn and studied from inspectors or claims adjustors responsible for claims of property insurers, incident cause investigators, and national forensic service workers. However, it has not been done well for conducting root cause analysis (RCA) and identifying the factors that contributed to the failure and establishing preventive measures before leading to chemical plant's catastrophic incidents. In this study, the criteria of warning signs on CCPS catastrophic incident waning sign self-assessment tool which was derived through the RCA method and the contribution factor analysis method using the swiss cheese model principle has been reviewed first. Secondly, in order to determine the major incident warning signs in an actual chemical plant, 614 recommendations which have been issued during last the 17 years by loss control engineers of global reinsurers were analyzed. Finally, in order to facilitate the assessment index for catastrophic incident warning signs, the criteria for the catastrophic incident warning sign index at chemical plants were grouped by type and classified into upper category and lower category. Then, a catastrophic incident warning sign index for a chemical plant was developed using the weighted values of each category derived by applying the analytic hierarchy process (pairwise comparison method) through a questionnaire answered by relevant experts of the chemical plant. It is expected that the final 'assessment index for catastrophic incident warning signs' can be utilized by the refinery and petrochemical plant's internal as well as external auditors to assess vulnerability levels related to incident warning signs, and identify the elements of incident warning signs that need to be tracked and managed to prevent the occurrence of serious incidents in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.28
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• pp.3-33
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• 2011

The Office of Crown Properties was established to manage the property of royal properties as an institution belonging to the Department of the Royal Household in April, 1895. However, as the Great Han Empire established and various policies enforcing the power of the emperor became introduced, the Office of Crown Properties came to be expanded to a large financial agency that would be in charge of various financial sources such as Public Land and Maritime Tax. As the Office of Crown Properties came to manage various income sources, it classified the documents dealing with various government agencies in the Capital and other countryside regions by the unit of Section. The Office of Crown Properties classified the documents by Section and filed them according to Sending/Receiving subject. Sometimes, it filed one kind of document only but sometimes many different kinds of documents were filed together. The types of the document can show the characteristics of the document and the hierarchy of the related agencies through the document name. The fact that they filed the documents with different grades in one file shows that the hierarchy of the agency they dealt with was not the primary standard of the filing and that they did not file the documents by its type. The Office of Crown Properties did not file the related documents in the same file, either. We can say the documents are related if they were corresponded with other agencies while they dealt with a specific item. However, they did not file the related documents in the same file but distinguished sending documents from receiving documents. The reason why they filed different kind documents in the same file and separated the related documents in different file was they took 'whether they were sent or received' as the primary filing standard. They separated the sending documents from the receiving documents first and then filed them according to time regardless of the region or institution. The Office of Crown Properties primarily classified the documents by Section, classified the documents with the standard of whether they were receiving documents or sending documents and then filed them in a file according to the time. It means that the Office of Crown Properties came to create the Official Document Classification and filing system.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.87-94
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• 2019

Through a press release dated July 17, 2018, the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission recommended that the National Fire Agency develop preventive measures against fire in the "Indoor Archery Ground" and "Room Escape Café" etc., which were originally excluded from the category of "Publicly Used Establishments." This study developed the hierarchy of domains and indicators of measurement for fire risk assessment of the new business of publicly used establishments through the Delphi Method. It analyzed the goodness of fit scores (over 3.00) and secured an average score of 4.25. Using AHP analysis, the ratio of consistency for the domains of measurement of fire risk assessment was found to be 4.0%, which was lower than CR ≤ 0.1 (10%). The consistency of subsequent measurement indicators were distributed in the range of 0.1%~3.6%, and they were identified as being commonly consistent. The indicators of measurement appeared as follows in order of importance and priority: Type of Internal Passage of Establishment and Evacuation Capacity of Exit (0.316), Control of Ignition Source (0.141), Inherent Risk (0.106), Appropriateness and Adaptiveness of Fire Detection System (0.097), Control of Inflammables/Combustibles (0.084), Guides and Facilities helping Evacuation (0.075), Fire Resistant Structure and Finishing Materials (0.060), Compartmentalization and Emergency Exit (0.049), Risk of Fire Expansion (0.046), and Appropriateness and Adaptiveness of Fire Extinguishing Facilities (0.026). The findings of this study are expected to be expansively used as data for future research on the development of fire risk assessment indicators.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.961-980
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• 2008

It is usual to prioritize the blocks to rearrange residential environment by the responsible officer's intuition or a few specialist's experienced knowledge. The aim of this research was to evaluate rebuilding priority in the context of spatially weighted framework integrating resident's view. The spatial weighting for the variables related to evaluation of dwelling environment was derived from AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) approach through the analysis of resident's view. An empirical study for a case study site has been conducted to confirm the validity for the spatial weighting. The spatial weighting has frequently influenced in changing the rebuilding priority and was identified as the important predictor for the improvement sites of dwelling environment. The spatially weighted analysis made it possible to identify area-wide patterns of rebuilding priority area subject to many different type of thematic variables, which cannot be acquired by traditional field sampling. The spatially weighting derived by integrating various formats of spatial data into a comprehensive GIS database in particular, was ideally suited to displaying the objective distribution patterns for rebuilding priority. The result of this study would play a crucial role in dealing with public complaints for rebuilding priority since it could provide objective evidences in accordance with spatial weighting.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.11 no.1 s.30
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• pp.28-41
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• 2006

Due to the rapid development of multimedia appliances, the increasing amount of multimedia data enforces the development of automatic video analysis techniques. In this paper, a method of ToC generation is proposed for educational video contents. The proposed method consists of two parts: scene segmentation followed by scene annotation. First, video sequence is divided into scenes by the proposed scene segmentation algorithm utilizing the characteristics of educational video. Then each shot in the scene is annotated in terms of scene type, existence of enclosed caption and main speaker of the shot. The ToC generated by the proposed method represents the structure of a video by the hierarchy of scenes and shots and gives description of each scene and shot by extracted features. Hence the generated ToC can help users to perceive the content of a video at a glance and. to access a desired position of a video easily. Also, the generated ToC automatically by the system can be further edited manually for the refinement to effectively reduce the required time achieving more detailed description of the video content. The experimental result showed that the proposed method can generate ToC for educational video with high accuracy.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2014

This study starts from the fact that we need residential complex for the purpose of public interests, rather than for profits, and find a new perspective on the concept of public-oriented residential complex in the cities that had slow growth. In this study, we 1) propose a new concept of the residential complex that can vitalize regional communities and maintain the interest of the public : 'functional-mix', 'social-mix', 'spatial-mix', 2) produce a model simulation based on the development principles including development direction, types of development, and design guidelines, ; six development principles(goal, concept, development type, spatial structure, space element, spatial hierarchy), diversity of housing types, facilities that can vitalize and contribute the regional communities 3) propose practical methods that can realize and promote the proposed concept and model simulation. ; need to amend the housing construction Law.