• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.20-33
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• 2020

Objective: The differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM) in terms of their adverse effects on male reproductive parameters have never been elucidated. This study aimed to distinguish between the effects of the DM types in mice treated with multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ) to mimic human T1DM and coadministered a high-fat diet (HFD) to mimic human T2DM. Methods: The T1DM mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (40 mg/kg body weight) for 5 days. The T2DM mice received an HFD for 14 days prior to STZ injection (85 mg/kg body weight), followed by continuous feeding of an HFD. Male reproductive parameters were evaluated. Results: The reproductive organs of the DM mice weighed significantly less than those of controls, and the seminal vesicles plus prostates of the T1DM mice weighed less than those of the T2DM mice. Increased sperm abnormalities and incomplete DNA packaging were observed in the DM groups. Sperm concentration and the proportion of normal sperm were significantly lower in the T1DM group. The seminiferous histopathology of DM mice was classified into seven types. The penises of the DM mice were smaller than those of the controls; however, tunica albuginea thickness and the amount of penile collagen fibers were increased in these mice. Round germ cells were abundant in the epididymal lumens of the mice with DM. Conclusion: T1DM adversely affected reproductive parameters to a greater extent than T2DM.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2019

Some patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) present with cognitive dysfunctions. The pathophysiology underlying this complication is not well understood. Type 1 DM has been associated with a decrease in the speed of information processing, psychomotor efficiency, attention, mental flexibility, and visual perception. Longitudinal epidemiological studies of type 1 DM have indicated that chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular disease, rather than repeated severe hypoglycemia, are associated with the pathogenesis of DM-related cognitive dysfunction. However, severe hypoglycemic episodes may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in high-risk patients with DM. Type 2 DM has been associated with memory deficits, decreased psychomotor speed, and reduced frontal lobe/executive function. In type 2 DM, chronic hyperglycemia, long duration of DM, presence of vascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension and obesity), and microvascular and macrovascular complications are associated with the increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction. The pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with DM include the following: (1) role of hyperglycemia, (2) role of vascular disease, (3) role of hypoglycemia, and (4) role of insulin resistance and amyloid. Recently, some investigators have proposed that type 3 DM is correlated to sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The molecular and biochemical consequences of insulin and insulin-like growth factor resistance in the brain compromise neuronal survival, energy production, gene expression, plasticity, and white matter integrity. If patients claim that their performance is worsening or if they ask about the effects of DM on functioning, screening and assessment are recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1108-1118
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise of different intensity on anti-diabetic and lipid profile improvement in type 2 diabetic mice. C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups (n=8, in each group): normal group (Normal), type 2 diabetes (DM), type 2 diabetes+VO₂max 50% aerobic exercise group (DM50A), type 2 diabetes+VO₂max 75% aerobic exercise group (DM75A), type 2 diabetes+1RM 50% resistance exercise group (DM50R), and type 2 diabetes+1RM 75% resistance group (DM75R). DM50A and DM75A were subjected to treadmill exercise 40 min/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks (DM50A, at the speed of 8 m/min for 1-4 weeks and 8~10 m/min for 5-8 weeks; DM75A, 12 m/min for 1-4 weeks and 12~14 m/min for 5-8weeks). DM50R (1RM50%) and DM75R (1RM75%) were subjected to ladder-climbing exercise with weights secured to their tails, 8 set/day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of exercise, fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR was significantly lower in DM group than in DM group. HbA1c showed significantly lower DM50R and DM75R groups than DM group. HDL-C showed the highest level in DM75A group and triglyceride was lowest in DM75R group. The cardiovascular risk index was lowest in the Normal and DM75A groups. Therefore, moderate intensity exercise in T2DM mice showed better improvement in blood glucose and insulin resistance control, and moderate intensity aerobic exercise was effective in reducing the cardiovascular risk index by increasing HDL-C levels.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.219-226
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the status and factors associated with self-management behavior (SMB) of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in a border area of southwest China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with T2DM patients in Dali, China. The participants filled in the questionnaires including demographic and disease-related characteristics, psychosocial status, resources of DM knowledge, knowledge of DM care, competency in DM care skills, the Chinese Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (C-DMSES), and the Chinese Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (C-SDSCA). All the data were analyzed with SPSS version 26. Multiple linear regression analysis examined associations between predictors and SMB. Results: A total of 470 valid questionnaires have been collected. The score for overall SMB was 50.71± 11.99; 19.6% of patients were at a good level, 48.3% were moderate, and 32.1% were poor. The significant factors that influenced SMB included self-efficacy (β= 0.37; p< .001), competency in DM care skills (β= 0.22; p< .001) and lacked in the treatment confidence (β= -0.09; p= .023). Conclusion: The level of self-management among T2DM patients in this area was medium-low state. For future studies, our findings suggest that self-efficacy, competency in DM care skills, and treatment confidence should be considered essential factors in improving the self-management behavior of T2DM patients in the border area of southwest China.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.509-516
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact DM duration on cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The subject were 250 (male: 134, female: 118) Korean Type 2 DM patients recruited from a general hospital's DM clinic. Anthropometric and hematological variables and dietary intake were assessed. The subject's mean age was 60.2 years and duration of diabetes was 9.5 years. As far as DM duration was concerned, male subjects with long duration (${\geq}$ 5 years and longer) showed significantly lower weight, fat free mass, skeletal muscle mass, BMI (p < 0.05) and higher 2hrs-postprandial plasma glucose (p < 0.05) and concentration of Hemoglobin A1c (p < 0.01) compared to those with less 5years of duration. In female subjects, same trend was found. Female subjects with long duration (${\geq}$ 5 years and longer) showed significantly higher fat free mass (p < 0.05) and skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.05), Hemoglobin A1c (p < 0.01), HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.01) and triglyceride (p < 0.05), dietary intakes of protein (p < 0.05) and fat (p < 0.05) compared to those with less 5years of duration. In conclusion, Type II DM patients of long duration had higher blood lipid concentrations and higher carbohydrates intakes. Subjects followed diet prescription strictly showed lower blood lipid concentration, suggesting the effectiveness of diet to manage Type 2 DM patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.377-390
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• 2023

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes body fluid imbalance because of hyperglycemia, but there is a lack of research on the relationship between DM and body fluid imbalance in the Korean population. This study compared the differences in body fluid composition and dietary intake between individuals with type 2 DM (T2DM) and a normal control (NC) group without the disease. Methods: In this study, 36 subjects with T2DM and 21 without diabetes were divided into the T2DM and NC groups. The subjects were divided into four subgroups to assess differences in body fluid volume according to sex: men T2DM group (n = 24), men NC group (n = 9), women T2DM group (n = 12), and women NC group (n = 12). The body fluid composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, including intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW), ECW/ICW, and ECW/TBW. Nutrient intake was evaluated using their dietary records. Results: The results showed that the ECW/ICW and the ECW/TBW were significantly higher in the T2DM group compared to the NC group. Both men and women in the T2DM group showed significantly higher ECW/ICW and ECW/TBW than the respective NC group. The T2DM group had a higher carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, sodium, and potassium intake per 1,000 kcal and lower total daily energy, fat, and cholesterol intake per 1,000 kcal than the NC group. Conclusion: These results suggest a positive association between T2DM and body fluid imbalance. This study can be used widely as basic data for the evaluation and diagnosis of diabetic complications in the future.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.262-274
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• 2007

Objective : It has been reported that two-repeats ($IL1RN^{\ast}2$) of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene is associated with ischemic stroke, and that Ala allele of the common Pro12Ala polymorphism in $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ isoform is associated with reduced risk for type 2 DM and its complications. The aim of the present study is to assess the association of IL-1Ra and $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ Pro12Ala polymorphism with the presence of ischemic stroke in the case of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methods : Genomic DNA was obtained from 373 healthy subjects, 157 DM subjects without ischemic stroke (known DM duration ${\ge}10$ years) and 302 ischemic stroke patients (including with DM). IL-1Ra polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ polymorphism by restriction fragment length polymorphism after PCR. Results : $IL1RN^{\ast}1/IL1RN^{\ast}2$ genotype was associated with significantly increased risk for DM (OR=2.86, P = 0.0008) and ischemic stroke (OR=2.74, P = 0.0016). Pro/Ala genotype was associated with the reduced risk for DM (OR=0.53, P = 0.0491) and ischemic stroke (OR=0.38, P = 0.0039). They were also associated with the reduced risk for ischemic stroke in the DM patients compared with DM without ischemic stroke (OR=0.25, P = 0.0321). Conclusions : $IL1RN^{\ast}2$ allele could be an accelerating factor, not a predictive marker for ischemic stroke in type 2 DM. The Pro/Ala genotype of $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ Pro12Ala polymorphism may be associated with reduced risk for ischemic stroke with type 2 DM. Therefore it could be a useful predictive marker for ischemic stroke in Korean type 2 DM.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2024

The national diabetes and prediabetes prevalence rate has risen among Korean adolescents and adults. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly interrelated with genetic, metabolic, and environmental risk factors in clinical practice. In this study, we analyzed the association between genetic polymorphisms of the ABO gene with T2DM in the Korean population, we conducted an analysis of gene-phenotype correlation, based on an additive genetic model. A total of 8,840 subjects from the Korea Association REsource (KARE) were selected for this study. Using the genetic and epidemiologic data of 754 T2DM cases and 5721 normal controls from the KARE, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ABO gene were analyzed for their genetic correlation. As a result, 8 SNPs out of the ABO gene demonstrated statistically significant association with T2DM. Among them, rs657152 in the ABO gene statistically showed the most significant correlation with T2DM (P-value=0.0084, OR=1.15, CI=1.04~1.28). The minor allele of A polymorphism within the intron genetic region of ABO directed increased risk of T2DM. This work reveals a significant association between genetic polymorphism in the ABO gene and T2DM. This finding suggested that ABO SNPs markers might be a genetic correlation to the etiology of T2DM.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2023

Background: Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) is an emerging global pandemic which is associated with lots of co-morbidities and reported vascular dysfunctions. T2DM associated vascular dysfunctions leads to vasculopathy in the form of altered peripheral vascular dynamics. Cold stress test (CST) is a reliable sympathetic reactivity test used for assessing vascular dysfunctions. In this study we are trying to quantify vascular dysfunctions in T2DM patients non invasively by various parameters of photoplethysmography (PPG) of cold stress test. Methods: Case control study had done in referral health center AIIMS, Raipur. Parameters are recorded by finger-PPG before, during and after CST (1 min) in 2 groups, control (n = 20 healthy volunteers) and case (n = 20 diagnosed T2DM patients). Results: Due to cold stress, PPG parameter peak amplitude was significantly decreased in both healthy and T2DM groups (p <0.001 and p <0.001, respectively). However, recovery trend of amplitude was significantly slow in T2DM compared to healthy subjects. Another PPG parameter peak to peak interval was significantly higher in healthy group compared to T2DM patients. Conclusions: This study showed that T2DM patients has significant deranged pulse volume parameters like amplitude and peak to peak interval can be used to objectively quantify the vasculopathy in T2DM patients by using sympathetic reactivity to cold stress.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2021

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide. T2DM is one of the most common types of diabetes and is caused by increased insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) is a master modulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and of gluconeogenesis in liver. In this study, we analyzed genetic polymorphisms of PPARGC1A gene in a middle-aged Korean population with T2DM. Using the genotype data of 736 T2DM cases and 4544 healthy controls obtained from the Korean Association Resource (KARE), we analyzed genetic correlations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PPARGC1A and T2DM. Fifteen SNPs of PPARGC1A demonstrated a statistically significant association with T2DM. Of these, rs10212638 exhibited the strongest correlation with T2DM (P-value=0.015, OR=1.29, CI=1.05~1.59), and the minor G allele of PPARGC1A increased the risk of T2DM. This is the first study to report a significant association between genetic polymorphisms in PPARGC1A and T2DM and suggests that SNPs of PPARGC1A display genetic correlations to the etiology of T2DM.