• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.260-266
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• 2011

Objectives The second to fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D) is known to reflect testosterone level during intrauterine period. Testosterone is essential for masculinization of brain. Cloninger's type II alcoholism is characterized by early age at onset and largely limited to males. Compared with type I alcoholism, type II alcoholism is thought to be masculine. There is a possibility that the digit ratio of type II alcoholism is low compared with type I. We examined digit length ratio in Cloninger's type I and II alcoholism to understand the effects of intrauterine testosterone on the development of alcoholism. Methods The participants were 87 alcohol dependent patients. We divided two subtypes of patients by Irwin's symptom list, based on Cloninger's concept. We captured the images of both palms by the scanner and measured the lengths of digits by the graphic program. Then we analyzed the digit ratios by independent-sample t-test. Results The mean 2D : 4D of type I was 0.942 (right), 0.952 (left). The mean 2D : 4D of type II was 0.927 (right), 0.940 (left). In both hands, 2D : 4D of type II was significantly lower than type I. Conclusions Type II alcoholism showed masculine type of digit length ratio compared with type I. It suggests the exposure of testosterone during intrauterine period might play an important role in determining the course and feature of alcoholism.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.58-75
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• 2007

This study held human measurement for 200 male subjects in their twenties in full age living in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province in China. Their lower body types were classified and grouped according to shapes and sizes. Consequently, representative body type reflecting shapes, sizes, and characteristics were chosen and presented with their measurement values to be used as the basic data for slacks pattern making and fitness evaluation. The following are the results of the analysis: 1. Homogeneity analysis was given to determine the correspondence relationships among index types, indirect types, and size types. Index Type 1 (H-Round), Indirect Type 2 (Adjacent Straight Legs & Slight Slant of Lateral Lower Body), and Size Type 1 (Medium-Thick) were correlated; Index Type 2 (A-Trapezoid), Indirect Type 1 (Bow Legs & Slight Slant of Lateral Lower Body), and Size Type 3 (Small-Slim) were corresponded; Index Type 3 (A-Balance), Indirect Type 3 (Balance Legs & Large Slant of Lateral Lower Body), and Size Type 2 (Tall-Normal) were mutually related. 2. Mahalanobis distance based on each shape factor (index or indirect) and size factor (absolute) was obtained, while an index-absolute representative body type group (47 people, 24.4%) and an indirect-absolute representative body type group (45 people, 23.7%) were chosen, each reflecting shapes, sizes, and characteristics. 3. The representative body type group of lower body shapes of Chinese males in their 20s had average measurement values, such as 169.15cm (stature), 73.32cm (waist circumference), 75.76cm (omphalion waist circumference), 91.08cm (hip circumference), 106.02cm (outside leg length), 53.96cm (thigh circumference), and 74.42cm (crotch length).

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.308-316
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• 1986

Vertical distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and physico-chemical characteristics were measuted in Kum River estuarine sediments. And interrelationship between heterotrophic bacterka and environmental factors was also studied. The type of sediment of Site 1 was silty clay, and sand at Site 2. Annual pH ranges were between 7.1 and 7.7 in the clay type sediment (Site 1) and 6.9-7.2 in the sand type sediment (Site 2). It was shown that organic matter contents were higher in the clay type sediment than those of sand type sediment. Redox potential values of sediments were decreased rapidly with depth at Site 1, but those of Sete 2 showed vertical fluctuation. Nitrogens(ammonia+amino acid-N, nitrate-N, nitrite-N) and phosphate in the clay type sediment showed higher values than those of sand type sediment. Annual distribution of heterotrophic bacteria were ranged $6.71{\times}10^4$ cells/g dry wt. $-2.50{\times}10^6$ cells/g dry wt. In the clay type sediment and $2.67{\times}10^3$ cells/g dry wt. $-1.94{\times}10^6$ cells/g dry wt. in the sand type sediment. Distribution of proteolytic, lipolytic, and amylolytic bacteria were decreased with the depth and the highest density was found in April and the lowest in January. Bacterial populations in sediments were closely correlated with such environmental factors as pH, redox potential, moisture content, organic matter contents, and inorganic nutrients such as nitrite-N and phosphate-P.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part2
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• pp.1181-1182
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• 2006

Y-type barium ferrite $(Ba_2Zn_2Fe_{12}O_{22})$ was prepared by the glass-ceramic method. Glasses with composition of $0.1ZnO{\cdot}0.9(0.3Fe_2O_3{\cdot}0.5BaO{\cdot}0.2B_2O_3)$ were prepared, and the precipitation behavior of Y-type ferrite from the glass matrix was investigated by heating glass specimens at various temperature. $\alpha-BaFe_2O_4$ which is a precursor of M-type ferrite $(BaFe_{12}O_{19})$ was precipitated at about 813 K and an unknown compound, phase X, was precipitated at about 850 K. M-type ferrite and Y-type ferrite started to form at about 923 K and 1103 K, respectively. The formation of Y-type ferrite was int erpreted as the result of the reaction of M-type ferrite with a melt of phase X.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2011

This study is to provide basic information on clothing fitness necessary to develop apparel products for Korean companies that want to enter or have already made inroads into the Chinese market. In an effort to serve this purpose, a standard upper torso body model for Chinese women was established by applying the Rohrer Index and Size Designation of Clothes - Women of GB/T 1335.2-1997 to Chinese women in their 20s to determine body types and its characteristics. First, according to the result of applying the Rohrer Index to categorize body types, Type 1 showed the longest vertical body length and a short horizontal length with the lowest degree of flatness. Type 2 was a standard body type with a height of 158.73cm, weight of 53.02kg and the Rohrer Index of 1.32. Type 3 had a thick and flat body shape that had the highest degree of flatness and the shortest vertical length in its upper torso among all three types of body. Second, F-test was conducted on 4 distinctive body types obtained from comparing obesity scores to verify differences in body shapes for different degree of obesity. The test result indicated significant differences in 3 of the 4 body types and showed different structural components for different degree of obesity. Third, the result of comparing correlational distributions of body types and height range, and body types and degree of obesity for all and specified age groups revealed that about 33.30% of the body types appeared in Type2-A followed by 20.18% in Type1-A, 18.40% in Type2-Y and 7.91% in Type1-Y respectively. Body types and degree of obesity for two different age groups were most frequent in Type2-A. For the group of young women in their early 20s appeared the most in Type2-A, Type1-A, Type2-Y and Type 1-Y respectively and young women in late 20s were frequent in the order of Type2-A, Type2-Y, Type1-A and Type1-Y.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.90-100
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• 1995

This study was performed to develop the lightweight concrete using synthetic lightweight aggregate and natural coarse aggregate. Mixing ratios were three types, the first type was mixed cement and synthetic lightweight fine aggregate (Type CP), the second type was mixed cement, synthetic lightweight fine aggregate and synthetic lightweight coarse aggregate (Type CPE), the third type was mixed cement, synthetic lightweight fine aggregate and natural coarse aggregate (Type CPN). The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. The W/C of each mixing ratio was increased with increase of the amount of cement used, and it was shown higher in order of Type CP, CPN, CPE. 2. The unit weight of Type CP, CPE and CPN was 1.473~1.647g/cm$^3$, 1.467~1.622g/cm$^3$ and 1.658~1 .838g/cm$^3$, respectively. And the absorption ratio was approximately 20%, which was higher than that of the normal cement concrete. 3. The compressive strength of Type CP was shown 178 ~249kg/cm2, Type CPE was shown 149~241kg/cm$^2$ and Type CPN was shown 196~297kg/cm$^2$, respectively. Each strength ratio was smaller than that of the normal cement concrete. 4. The pulse velocity of Type CP, CPE and CPN was 2, 688~3, 240m/sec, 2, 981~3, 324m/sec and 2, 989 ~ 3, 545m/sec, respectively. And it was increased with increase of strength and unit weight. 5. The length change ratio at 28 days was in the range of 0.057~0.077%, and earlier length change ratio was higher than that of the later.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.902-910
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• 2007

Objective : Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, a transcription factor in adipocyte differentiation, has important effects on insulin sensitivity, atherosclerosis, endothelial cell function and inflammation. Through these effects, PPAR-gamma2 might be involved with type 2 diabetes and vascular disease, including diabetic complications. Recently, it has been reported that the C161T polymorphism in the exon 6 of PPAR-gamma is associated with type 2 diabetes interacting with uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) gene, and is associated with acute myocardial infarction. We studied the association of this polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and its complications, such as retinopathy, ischemic stroke, nephropathy and neuropathy in Korean non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic populations. Methods : Three hundred and thirty eight type 2 diabetic patients (retinopathy: 64, ischemic stroke: 67, nephropathy: 39 and neuropathy: 76) and 152 healthy matched control subjects were evaluated. The PPAR-gamma C161T polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Results : PPAR-gamma C161T genotype and allele frequency did not show significant differences between type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls (T allele: 17.0 vs. 14.5, OR= 1.21, P=0.3188). In the analysis for diabetic complications, T allele in diabetic nephropathy was significantly higher than controls (P=0.0358). T allele in the ischemic stroke patients was also higher than healthy controls, although it had no significance (P=0.1375). Conclusions : These results suggest that the C161T polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma gene might be associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.15-31
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• 2022

The Green Purification Unit System (GPUS) is a green infrastructure facility applicable to the roadside to reduce particulate matter from road traffic. This study introduces two types of GPUS (type1 and type2) and assesses the performance and maintenance costs of each of them. The GPUS's performance analysis used the data collected in November 2021 after the installation of the GPUS type1 and type2 at the study site in Suwon. The changes in the particulate matter concentration near the GPUS were measured. The maintenance cost of GPUS type1 and type2 was assessed by calculating the initial installation cost and the management and repair cost after installation. The results of the performance analysis showed that the GPUS type1, which was manufactured by combining plants and electric dust collectors, had a superior particulate matter reduction performance. In particular, type1 produced a greater effect of particulate matter reduction in the time with a high concentration (50㎍/m³ or higher) of particulate matter due to the operation of electric dust collectors. GPUS type2, which was designed in the form of a plant wall without applying an electric dust collector, showed lower reduction performance than type1 but showed sufficiently improved performance compared to the existing band green area. Meanwhile, the GPUS type1 had three times higher costs for the initial installation than GPUS type2. In terms of costs for managing and repairing, it was evaluated that type1 would be slightly more costly than type2. Finally, this study discussed the applicability of two types of GPUS based on the result of the analysis of their particulate matter performance and maintenance cost at the same time. Since GPUS type2 has a cheaper cost than type1, it could be more economical. However, in the area suffering a high concentration of particulate matter, GPUS type1 would be more effective than type2. Therefore, the choice of GPUS types should rely on the status of particulate matter concentration in the area where GPUS is being installed.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2014

In 2000, K. Denecke and K. Mahdavi showed that there are many idempotent elements in $Hyp_{N_{\varphi}}(V)$ the set of normal form hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$ which are not idempotent elements in Hyp(2) the set of all hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$. They considered in which varieties, idempotent elements of Hyp(2) are idempotent elements of $Hyp_{N_{\varphi}}(V)$. In this paper, we study the similar problems on the set of all generalized hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$ and the set of all normal form generalize hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$ and determine the order of normal form generalize hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$.

• Diabetes and Metabolism Journal
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.465-471
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• 2018

My professional journey to understand the glucose homeostasis began in the 1990s, starting from cloning of the promoter region of glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) gene that led us to establish research foundation of my group. When I was a graduate student, I simply thought that hyperglycemia, a typical clinical manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), could be caused by a defect in the glucose transport system in the body. Thus, if a molecular mechanism controlling glucose transport system could be understood, treatment of T2DM could be possible. In the early 70s, hyperglycemia was thought to develop primarily due to a defect in the muscle and adipose tissue; thus, muscle/adipose tissue type glucose transporter (GLUT4) became a major research interest in the diabetology. However, glucose utilization occurs not only in muscle/adipose tissue but also in liver and brain. Thus, I was interested in the hepatic glucose transport system, where glucose storage and release are the most actively occurring.