• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.275-282
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• 2008

This paper presents numerical investigation of multi-phase flow in solid rocket motor nozzle and effect of multi-phases on the performance prediction of the Solid Rocket Motor. Aluminized propellants are frequently used in solid rocket motors to increase specific impulse. An Eulerian-Lagrangian description has been used to analyze the motion of the micrometer sized and discrete phase that consist of the larger particulates present in the Solid Rocket Motor. Uniform particles diameters and Rosin-Rammler diameter distribution method has been used for the simulation of different burning of aluminum droplets generating aluminum oxide smokes. Roe-FDS scheme has been used to simulate the effects of the multi-phase flow. The results obtained show the sensitivity of this distribution to the nozzle flow dynamics, primarily at the nozzle inlet and exit. The analysis also provides effect of two phases on performance prediction of Solid Rocket Motor.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.429-433
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• 2014

As the fabrication technology used in FPDs(flat-panel displays) advances, the size of these panels is increasing and the pattern size is decreasing to the um range. Accordingly, a cleaning process during the FPD fabrication process is becoming more important to prevent yield reductions. The purpose of this study is to develop a FPD cleaning system and a cleaning process using a two-phase flow. The FPD cleaning system consists of two parts, one being a cleaning part which includes a two-phase flow nozzle, and the other being a drying part which includes an air-knife and a halogen lamp. To evaluate the particle removal efficiency by means of two-phase flow cleaning, silica particles $1.5{\mu}m$ in size were contaminated onto a six-inch silicon wafer and a four-inch glass wafer. We conducted cleaning processes under various conditions, i.e., DI water and nitrogen gas at different pressures, using a two-phase-flow nozzle with a gap distance between the nozzle and the substrate. The drying efficiency was also tested using the air-knife with a change in the gap distance between the air-knife and the substrate to remove the DI water which remained on the substrate after the two-phase-flow cleaning process. We obtained high efficiency in terms of particle removal as well as good drying efficiency through the optimized conditions of the two-phase-flow cleaning and air-knife processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.28-34
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• 2010

Two turbulent jet with different sinusoidal nozzle exit configurations of in-phase and $180^{\circ}$ out-of-phase were investigated experimentally using a smoke-wire method and a hot-wire anemometry. Mean velocity and turbulence intensity were measured at several downstream locations under $Re_D\;=\;5000$. For the case of in-phase nozzle configuration, the length of potential core exhibits negligible difference with respect to the transverse locations (0, $\lambda/4$ and $\lambda/2$), similar to that of a plane jet. On the other hand, a maximum difference of 30% in the potential-core length occurs for the $180^{\circ}$ out-of-phase configuration. The spatial distributions of turbulence intensities also show significant difference for the nozzle of $180^{\circ}$ out-of-phase, whereas non-symmetric distribution is observed in the near-exit region(x/D = 1) for the in-phase sinusoidal nozzle jet. Compared to a slit planc jet, the sinusoidal nozzle jets seem to suppress the velocity deficit as the flow goes downstream. The sinusoidal nozzle jet was found to decrease turbulent intensity dramatically. The flow visualization results show that the flow characteristics of the sinusoidal nozzle jet are quite different from those of the slit plane jet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.356-363
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• 2012

This paper addresses an analytical study on the gas-solid two phase flows in a nozzle. The primary purpose is to get recognition into the gas-solid suspension flows and to investigate the particle motion and its influence on the gas flow field. The present study is the primal step to comprehend the gas-solid suspension flow in the convergent-divergent nozzle. This paper try to made a development of an analytical model to study the back pressure ratio, particles loading and the particle diameter effect on gas-solid suspension flow. Mathematical model of gas-solid two phase flow was developed based on the single phase flow models to solve the quasi-one-dimensional mass, momentum equations to calculate the steady pressure field. The influence of particles loading and particle diameter is analyzed. The results obtained show that the suspension flow of smaller diameter particles has almost same trend as that of single phase flow using ideal gas as working fluid. And the presence of particles will weaken the strength of the shock wave; the bigger particle will have larger slip velocity with gas flow. The thrust coefficient is found to be higher for larger particles/gas loading or back pressure ratio, but it also depends on the ambient pressure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.313-316
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• 2011

This paper investigates CFD investigation on single phase supersonic nozzle flow and 2-phase subson ic flow prior to rocket nozzle supersonic 2-phase flow with water injection within the flame deflector. Numerical results of supersonic nozzle single phase flow showed no notable unrealistic behavior as it captures the usual shock cell structures. Three-dimensional 2-phase flow analysis has also been performed to verify whether the approach can grab the droplet behavior during cooling by water injection. It is expected these basic studies will enhance the cooling problem analysis of supersonic 2-phase rocket plume in the future.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2009

Jet Loop Reactor(JLR), in which a two-phase nozzle is installed, is the new design technique for the treatment of high concentration wastewater by accelerating of oxygen contacting between substrate and surrounding bacteria. This numerical study of the two phase jet flow was conducted to find the optimum design of JLR. It was shown that there was a minimum velocity in the nozzle for continuous circulation of wastewater. The optimum location and the size of the draft tube for continuous circulation were examined. It was certain that the smaller the air size is, the more the effect of the mixing increases. The relation between the mixing effect and the turbulence was confirmed.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.393-396
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• 2002

Submerged gas-injected system can be applied to various industrial field such as metallurgical and chemical processes, So this study aims at presenting the relevant relationship between gas phase and liquid phase in a gas-injected bath. In a cylinderical bath, local gas volume fraction and bubble frequency were measured by electroconductivity probe and oscilloscope. The temperature of each phase was measured using thermocouple and data acquisition system. In vertical gas injection system, gas-liquid two phase plume was formed, being symmetry to the axial direction of injection nozzle and in a shape of con. Lacal gas-liquid flow becomes irregular around the injection nozzle due to kinetic energy of gas and the flow variables show radical change at the vicinity of gas(air) injection nozzle As most of the kinetic energy of gas was transferred to liquid in this region, liquid started to circulate. In this reason, this region was defined as 'developing flow region' The Bubble was taking a form of churn flow at the vicinity of nozzle. Sometimes smaller bubbles formed by the collapse of bubbles were observed. The gas injected into liquid bath lost its kinetic energy and then was governed by the effect of buoyancy. In this region the bubbles which lost their kinetic energy move upward with relatively uniform velocity and separate. Near the gas nozzle, gas concentration was the highest. But it started to decrease as the axial distance increased, showing a Gaussian distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.83-92
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• 1999

A numerical analysis of two phase flow in the solid rocket nozzle was conducted. Stoke number was defined over the various aluminum oxide($AI_2$$O_3$) particle sizes and particle trajectories were treated by Lagrangian approach. Particle stability was considered by the definition of Weber number in a rocket nozzle. Large particles are divided after the nozzle throat as the flow accelerates rapidly. The division of particles changes the particle distribution at the nozzle exit. From the above results, it was found that the nozzle converge section surface might be affected by aluminum oxide particles. Also, Mechanical erosion rate of nozzle surface was predicted for different materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

As a compressed water is rapidly expanded through a nozzle, two-phase flow of vapor and liquid is formed in the nozzle due to the flash evaporation. In the present study, critical flow of two-phase fluids is analysized using an Isentropic-Homogeneous-Equilibrium model and a Leung model. Calculation results show that the choke of the two-phase flow can be two different types of continuous and discontinuous chokings. For the stagnation pressure below 10 Mpa it is found that the continuous choking, which is similar to the choking phenomenon of single-phase gas flow, is possible only when the degree of subcooling is less than 10K.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.95-105
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• 2014

The CUPID code has been developed for a transient, three-dimensional, two-phase flow analysis at a component scale. It has been validated against a wide range of two-phase flow experiments. Especially, to assess its applicability to single- and two-phase flow analyses in the Calandria vessel of a CANDU nuclear reactor, it was validated using the experimental data of the 1/4-scaled facility of a Calandria vessel at the STERN laboratory. In this study, a preliminary thermal-hydraulic analysis of the CANDU reactor moderator tank using the CUPID code is carried out, which is based on the results of the previous studies. The complicated internal structure of the Calandria vessel and the inlet nozzle was modeled in a simplified manner by using a porous media approach. One of the most important factors in the analysis was found to be the modeling of the tank inlet nozzle. A calculation with a simple inlet nozzle modeling resulted in thermal stratification by buoyance, leading to a boiling from the top of the Calandria tank. This is not realistic at all and may occur due to the lack of inlet flow momentum. To improve this, a new nozzle modeling was used, which can preserve both mass flow and momentum flow at the inlet nozzle. This resulted in a realistic temperature distribution in the tank. In conclusion, it was shown that the CUPID code is applicable to thermal-hydraulic analysis of the CANDU reactor moderator tank using the cost-effective porous media approach and that the inlet nozzle modeling is very important for the flow analysis in the tank.