• International Journal of Contents
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.72-77
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of general sling-bridge exercise (GSE) and sling-bridge exercise with rhythmic stabilization technique (SER) on trunk muscle endurance and flexibility in adolescents with low back pain (LBP). 30 adolescents who had complaints of LBP were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: the GSE group (n=15) and SER group (n=15). Subjects performed each exercise programs for 4 weeks with the aim of improving trunk muscle stability; GSE group trained general bridge exercise with sling, SER group trained rhythmic stabilization bridge exercise with sling. The static and dynamic trunk muscle endurance and flexibility were measured before and at the end of the exercise program. The static and dynamic trunk muscle endurance were significantly improved in both groups (p<.05) and the SER group showed significant difference from the GSE group after the exercise (p<.05). The trunk muscle flexibility was significantly improved in both groups (p<.05) and the SER group were significantly different from GSE group post-exercise (p<.05). The results of this study showed that sling bridge exercise with rhythmic stabilization technique may be appropriate for improving trunk muscle stability in adolescents with LBP.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.57-69
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the effects of neck and trunk combined exercise program and single exercise on neck angle and neck and shoulder muscle activity. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: In the single exercise group, the basic stretching, head bending and neck bending exercises were performed. The neck and trunk combined exercise group performed torso strength and trunk stability exercises to stabilize the trunk, and then performed the same neck exercise as the single exercise group. The exercise program was conducted 5 days per week for 2 weeks. One-way repeated ANOVA was used to investigate the statistical analysis of neck angle, neck and upper and middle trapezius muscle activity. Results: 1) There was no significant difference in neck angle degree after exercise in neck single exercise group. 2) In the neck and trunk combined exercise, the neck angle degree decreased continuously with the increase of the experimental period and showed a significant difference. 3) In the single exercise group, the muscles which showed significant difference compared to the post-exercise were the right upper, left and right middle trapezius. 4) In the neck and trunk combined exercise group, the right neck muscles showed significant difference after the exercise before the experiment. Conclusion: It was found that the neck and trunk combined exercise was more effective in reducing neck angle and the muscle activity of the subjects with forward head posture was decreased and increased. However, both exercises showed positive effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.331-339
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• 2013

The Interest in disease prevention and rehabilitation is increasing depending on increase of patients with spinal. This is being developed using the spine stabilization device is being studied. So far studies have only evaluated the effect on trunk stabilization exercises but analysis of human movement patterns for active movement and passive movement did not. We assessed the muscle activity of trunk and leg muscle during passive and active tilt mode on eight tilt directions at tilt angle of $30^{\circ}$ using 3-D dynamic postural balance training system. We performed experimental study on the muscular activities of trunk muscle about rectus abdominis, external obliques, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, and leg muscle about rectus femoris, Biceps femoris, Tibialis Anterior, gastrocnemius. As a result, muscle activation was different depending on the direction of movement and pattern. The results indicate that various patterns of spinal stabilization exercise system could be applied to an effective training of chronic low back pain patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.274-279
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the change of static and dynamic foot pressure on trunk stabilization exercise in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Methods: This study examined five male children participants ages 10~14 years old with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. All subjects participated in a 6-week sling exercise program for trunk stabilization; the exercise was performed three times per week and each session lasted 50 minutes. The subjects were measured for static and dynamic foot pressure and bilateral symmetry of both feet before and after the trunk stabilization exercise. Results: The static foot pressure increased significantly before and after the trunk stabilization exercise (left foot: before $0.41{\pm}0.02%BW/cm^2$ after $0.79{\pm}0.02%BW/cm^2$, right foot: before $0.14{\pm}0.03%BW/cm^2$, after $0.43{\pm}0.44%BW/cm^2$) (p<0.05) and bilateral symmetry of both feet increased (before $0.27{\pm}0.18%BW/cm^2$, after $0.37{\pm}0.05%BW/cm^2$) with more weight shift on left foot than right foot, but was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The dynamic foot pressure increased (left foot: before $2.58{\pm}0.44%BW/cm^2$, after $3.40{\pm}0.31%BW/cm^2$, right foot: before $2.75{\pm}0.19%BW/cm^2$, after $3.26{\pm}0.18%BW/cm^2$) with more weight shift on right foot than left foot, but was not statistically significant (p>0.05), and bilateral symmetry of both feet decreased (before $0.31{\pm}0.36%BW/cm^2$, after $0.13{\pm}0.20%BW/cm^2$) (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the trunk stabilization exercise has a positive impact on static and dynamic foot pressure in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of combination of isotonic and rhythmic stabilization in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on trunk stability and balance in elderly people with chronic low back pain. Subjects : Thirty-two elderly people ($73.78{\pm}8.49$ years of age) who had complaints of CLBP were randomly assigned to 2 groups: experimental group and control group. Methods : Subject trained with combination of isotonic and rhythmic stabilization in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation for 4weeks with aim of improving trunk stability and balance. Weight distribution, trunk muscle balance, static balance ability and dynamic balance ability were measured before, at the end of training. Results : Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. After the exercise programs, there were significant differences in the weight distribution, trunk muscle balance and dynamic balance ability between the experimental and control group. However there was no significant difference in the one leg stance test(p<.05). Conclusion : This study suggest that PNF programs may be appropriate for improving trunk stability and balance in elderly people with CLBP.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.13-24
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare kinematic data between experts and novices, and identify difference kinematic parameters changing direction to kick in penalty kick of soccer play. Novice subjects were 5 high school students Who has never been experienced a soccer player, and expert subjects were 5 competitive high school soccer players. The 3-d angle was calculated by Euler's Angle by inertial axis and local axis with three-dimensional cinematography. Kinematic parameters in this study consisted of angles of knee joints, hip joints, lower trunk and upper trunk when the support foot was contacted on ground and kicking foot impacted the ball. The difference of angle of knee joints in the flexion/extension was insignificantly showed below $4{\sim}9^{\circ}$ in groups and directions of ball at the time of support and impact. But the difference of angle of hip joint was significant in groups and directions of ball at the time of support and impact. Specially the right hip joint of experts were more flexed about $12^{\circ}$($43.99{\pm}6.17^{\circ}$ at left side, $31.87{\pm}4.49^{\circ}$ at right side), less abducted about $10^{\circ}$ ($-31.27{\pm}4.49^{\circ}$ at left side, $-41.97{\pm}6.67^{\circ}$ at right side) at impact when they kicked a ball to the left side of goalpost. The difference of amplitude angle in the trunk was significantly shown at upper trunk not lower trunk. The upper trunk was external rotated about $30^{\circ}$ (novice' angle was $-16.3{\pm}17.08^{\circ}$, expert's angle was $-43.73{\pm}12.79^{\circ}$) at impact. Therefore the significant difference of kinematic characteristics could be found at the right hip joint and the upper trunk at penalty kick depending on the direction of kicking.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the alteration of lumbar spine and trunk postures on different load-carrying types and amounts under static loading. Two load-carrying types(unilateral carrying: UC vs. bilateral carrying: BC) and four different loads(0, 5, 10, and 15 kg) were randomly tested in this study. Carrying a heavy bag would affect human body posture, specifically lumbar spine curvature, which is considered as one of sources of back problems. Previous studies have not paid attention to the approach of the multisegment model of the lumbar spine and trunk. This study separated two compartments of trunk segment(the lumbar and thorax) in the analysis. The multisegment model of the lumbar spine in addition to Helen-Hayes marker set was used. Eight motion analysis cameras and a force plate were utilized. Ten male subjects(mean mass, $70.6{\pm}3.97$ kg; mean height, $178{\pm}4.18$ m) having no musculoskeletal disease participated in this study. We analyzed trunk angles in three anatomical planes and the spinal curvature in sagittal and frontal planes. Increased loading in both UC and BC significantly resulted in increases in trunk forward lean but only UC induced increases in trunk lateral lean. In addition, increased loading in BC produced flatten lumbar curvature in sagittal plane. As far as coupling motion, subjects tended to use axial rotation of the lumbar spine in transverse plane in response to increased UC loading. Finally, it is concluded that the increased static loading in UC rather than in BC tends to causes combined alterations of the spinal postures(sagittal and transverse planes together), which would be vulnerable to improper mechanical stresses on the spine.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2020

Objective: Many caregivers often carry infants using baby carriers until they are approximately 36 months old. The purpose of this study was to compare the muscular activity of the trunk and lower leg muscles during trunk flexion-extension movements in correspondence to various wearing methods of a baby carrier blanket. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Sixteen healthy adult women were to wear baby carrier blankets in five different ways in terms of direction and height, followed by flexion-extension of the trunk. Erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis, rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF) muscle activities and triaxial acceleration of trunk were investigated. Results: The front-wearing method of the baby carrier blanket increased the muscular activity of the ES muscle, and wearing the baby carrier blanket at waist height in the same direction was significantly higher than wearing it at pelvic height (p<0.05). As the angle of flexion increased during trunk flexion-extension, the muscle activity of the ES, BF, and the RF increased. There was a greater increase in muscle activity of the ES and the BF during extension compared to flexion (p<0.05). Conclusions: If it is difficult to wear a baby carrier blanket due to lumbar pain, it is recommended to lower the wearing height of the baby carrier to the pelvic level so that the external load can be transferred to the lower extremity. In addition, it appears to be necessary to hold the baby and distribute the load onto the waist through proper body control when performing flexion-extension movements of the trunk. More objective and scientific research that includes various daily tasks and evaluation methods are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.69-74
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• 2011

Despite most of tasks in manufacturing, construction and agriculture, etc., were currently mechanized and automated, manual materials handling still existed in atypical working condition. In case of manual materials handling, repetitive work, inappropriate working posture, excessive force, contact stress might cause overload, which could lead to work-related musculoskeletal disorders and low back pains. On this basis, the goal of this study is to reveal the effects of various lifting postures of trunk angles and lower extremity postures on maximum holding time(MHT). Twenty two subjects were recruited from a university population. The experiment was designed by a combination of three trunk angle ($0^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$) and three lower extremity postures(straight, bent, kneeling). Before experimental trials, subjects performed MVC(maximum voluntary contraction) exertions in three trunk angles ($0^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$) to calculate 30%MVC at designated postures. In each trial, they were required to hold the handheld load(30%MVC) for a designated posture as long as they could. The results of MVC by trunk angles were measured in $0^{\circ}$ > $20^{\circ}$ > $60^{\circ}$ orders, but those of MHT measured in $20^{\circ}$ > $0^{\circ}$ > $60^{\circ}$ orders. These results showed that straight posture is the ideal working posture in work exerted a strong force for a short time, but the ability to work might be improved in the trunk angle $20^{\circ}$ in work required 30%MVC for a long time. Also, results of MVC and MHT by lower extremity postures measured in straight > bent > kneeling orders.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.sup1
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• pp.128-132
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• 2001

Aneurysm of the basilar artery trunk are rare and the surgical approach is very difficult because of the complexity of surgical anatomy around the basilar trunk and the vulnerable adjacent neurovascular structures. The development of brain CT and MRI makes the accurate diagnosis and produces the improvement of surgical approaches at the lesion of the skull base. One of the surgical approaches of basilar trunk aneurysms, the retrolabyrinthine presigmoid transtentorial transpetrosal approach to the aneurysm of the basilar trunk has some advantages of minimal retraction of cerebellum and temporal lobe, intact auditory and facial nerve function by the preservation of the vestibulocochlear and facial nerves, a preservation of sigmoid sinus and vein of Labbe and a relatively good operation field. We had a good result with this approach for the patient of basilar trunk aneurysm and reported the case with the review of literatures.