• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1273-1278
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• 2004

The change of tissue lipid levels and fatty acid compositions in alloxan-induced diabetes was studied in rats (SD, male) in order to examine the pathway of diabetic complications. Rats were injected with alloxan 20 mg/kg BW or 40 mg/kg BW to induce diabetes. In rats injected with alloxan (40 mg/kg BW), the body weight was significantly decreased, food intake and liver weight per 100 g (BW) were significantly increased, compared with other groups. The blood glucose levels were apparently elevated as about 2 times in rats injected with alloxan (40 mg/kg BW) than the other groups. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol were not significantly different among the groups. However, the levels of serum triglyceride tended to increase according to amount of alloxan injected. Liver cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in rats injected with alloxan (40 mg/kg BW) compared with other groups, but triglyceride levels of those were not significantly different among groups. Concerning the fatty acid compositions of serum, liver, kidney, spleen phosphatidylcholine, the percentage of linoleic acid in rats injected with alloxan (40 mg/kg BW) was significantly increased, while that of arachidonic acid was significantly decreased compared with the other groups. Therefore, the ratios of arachidonic/linoleic acid in tissue phosphatidylcholine tended to be low in rats injected with alloxan (40 mg/kg BW) and especially significant low levels were found in serum and spleen. Thus, it was suggested that insulin deficiency can affect on fatty acid biosynthesis and induce diabetic complications.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.1 s.60
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• pp.59-71
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• 1998

To examine the association of hypertension with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose and dyslipidemia in Korean urban population, we conducted this cross-sectional study among 3027 men and 2127 women age 20-85 years who visited a prevention center between May 1991 and June 1995 for a multiphasic health check at St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul. By the self-administered questionnaire, the informations of educational attainments, monthly income, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and physical excercise level were obtained. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured by a trained nurse. The fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride were tested by enzyme method. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated by 'total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - triglyceride/5'. For testing the differences of cardiovascular risk factors between hypertension and normotension group, 1-test and $\chi^2$-test were performed. For the age adjusted odds ratios of hypertension in persons with obesity, abnormal glucose, and dyslipidemia compared with normal, logistic regression was performed by using SAS pakageprograme. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Age, weight, body mass index(BMI), blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride of hypertension group in men and women were significantly higher than normotension group, but height and HDL cholesterol of hypertension group only in women significantly lower than normotension group. The frequency of obesity $(BMI\geq25kg/m^2)$, abnormal glucose $(\geq\;120mg/dl)$, hypercholesterolemia $(\geq\;240mg/dl)$, lower HDL cholesterol (<45 mg/dl in women only), higher LDL cholesterol $(\geq\;160mg/dl)$, and hyper hypertriglyceridemia $(\geq\;250mg/dl)$ in hypertension group of men and women were significantly higher than normotension group. 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were negatively correlated with hight, but positively with age, weight, BMI, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride in men and women. BMI was positively correlated with fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride but negatively with HDL cholesterol. 3. The age adjusted odds ratios of hypertension were as follows in men and women : among persons who were obese compared with those nonobese, 2.53 (95% Confidence Intervals [C.I.] 2.08-3.07) and 2.22 (95%C.I. 1.71-2.87): among persons who were abnormal glucose compared with those normoglycemic, 1.43 (95%C.I 1.13-1.82) and 2.01 (95%C.I 1.36-2.94): and among persons who were dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia or lower HDL cholesterol or higher LDL cholesterol or hypertriglyceridemia) compared with those normal lipid, 1.59 (95%C.I 1.30-1.95) and 1.51 (95%C.I 1.16-1.96). After combined more than one risk factor, the odds ratios were increased. Among persons with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose, and dyslipidemia, the odds ratio of hypertension was 2.25 (95%C.I 1.47-3.37) in men and 3.02 (95%C.I 1.71-5.30) in women. In conclusion, it was suggested that hypertension was associated with cluster of obesity, abnormal glucose, dyslipidemia in this Korean urban population.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1300-1307
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• 1999

Supercritical fluid extraction was applied to recycling triglyceride from used shortening. Used shortening and its fractions were analyzed with high performance size exclusion chromatography for their composition in triglycerides, polymer and low molecular weight compounds. Conjugated diene value and color of the fractions were also measured with a UV spectrophotometer and a colorimeter, respectively. Pressure and temperature ranges employed were $15{\sim}30$ MPa and $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Concentration of fat in supercritical (SC) $CO_2$ ranged from $0.3\;X\;10^{-3}{\sim}7.4\;X10^{-3}(g\;fat/g\;CO_2)$. An exponential relation between concentration of fat in SC $CO_2$ and density was observed. Color of the extracts was light yellow which was very close to that of the fresh shortening. Low molecular weight compounds were preferentially concentrated in the initial fraction, while polymer was extracted in the final fraction. Conjugated diene value of the initial fractions was clearly lower than that of feed. It increased sharply as the polymer content in the fraction became significantly large.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.38-49
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• 2008

Objectives: Though overt thyroid dysfunction is well recognized to affect serum lipid profiles and obesity, there are conflicting reports on the effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on serum lipid profiles and obesity. In most reports, the definition of the upper normal limit of serum thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) of 4.0${\sim}$5.0mU/L has been used to diagnose. However, recent studies have suggested a much lower TSH cut off with an upper limit of 2.5mU/L, because >95% of rigorously screened normal euthyroid volunteers had serum TSH values between 0.4 and 2.5mU/L. Therefore we defined subclinical hypothyroidism as a TSH level greater than 2.5mU/L. We sought to evaluate the correlations of subclinical hypothyroidism with obesity index and serum lipid profiles Methods: TSH levels were measured in 6190 men and 4223 women that participated in health examination and free T4, lipid profiles (total-cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C), and obesity index (body mass index, body fat, waist circumference, C-reactive protein) were also measured. Results: There were significant differences of triglyceride between subclinical hypothyroidism men and normal control subjects. In women, there were also significant differences of triglyceride and LDL-C between subclinical hypothyroidism and normal control subjects. Subclinical hypothyroidism women showed significant correlations of TSH with total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein. Subclinical hypothyroidism men and women with a TSH level 2.5${\sim}$4.0mU/L had significant differences of triglyceride and body fat. In men, there were significant differences of waist circumference andC-reactive protein. In women, there were significant differences of LDL-C. Conclusions: We have demonstrated correlations of subclinical hypothyroidism with serum lipid profiles and obesity index. These findings suggested that subclinical hypothyroidism people had an increased risk of dyslipidemia and obesity. Subclinical hypothyroidism people with a TSH level 2.5${\sim}$4.0mU/L may be also considered suspect since it may signal a case of evolving thyroid underactivity eligible to be prevented.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1990

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of different body hair color (Native type) and commercial white laying hen (Improvement, Nick Chick strain) on cholesterol, triglyceride and protein concentration in serium. Experimental hens were selected out of yellow-brown body hair color strain (10 heads), green-black body hair color strain (13 heads), white body hair color strain (7 heads), black-bone strain (10 heads) as native type and commercial white laying hen (30 head,3) as improved variety. Experimental diet was fed identically for 4 weeks in total groups. The results of the experiment obtained were summerized as follows：1. Serium cholesterol contents were the highest in commercial white laying hen ($172.50\pm$13.45 mg/100 $m\ell$) (p＜0.01;, and higher in white color strains than body hair color strain groups. Body hair color strain groups were similar in serium cholesterol contents. 2, Serium triglyceride concentration also showed no response among native type groups, however commercial white laying hen group shelved significatly difference. (p＜0.01) 3. Serium protein contents were the highest in commercial white laying hen group ($6.24\pm$0.23 mg/100 $m\ell$). (p＜0,01) Increasing the serium cholesterol, triglyceride and protein contents in commercial white laying hen group than color strain group of native type was considered to improved grade.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of body composition, serum lipids and several parameters of body fatness (percent body fat, waist-hip ratio) in abdominal women by exercise. For this study, 8-weeks intensive exercise(5km jogging/day, 50min/day) was continued by subjects and they limited only fat rich foods and controlled daily energy intake to 1,800kcal～2,100kcal per day. The subjects were 52 women and the distribution of ages was 36～54 years. The data were analyzed using SPSS/PC package program and the results were estimated by paired t-test, Pearson correlation. The results are summarized as follows : 1) After exercise-training for 8 weeks, percent body fat, body mass index, body weight, total cholesterol was decreased (p<0.05). 2) LDL cholesterol and triglyceride was decreased significantly(p=0.000). The changes in deep abdominal adipose tissue were related to changes in triglycerides. 3) After exercise training, the waist-hip ratio was significantly correlated to body weight and serum lipids. 4) According to the data of this study, Ⅰ recommended that obese women, especially, abdominal obese patients should exercise regularly and we should prolong many studies for obesity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.352-357
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• 2006

This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus $S_{EEM}$ leaves, stems, roots (ACL, ACS, ACR) on the change of weight and the serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, total lipid and phospholipid level in obese mice induced Dy high fat diet. Experimental groups were as follows ; Normal group was fed with normal diet and administered with distilled water during 7 weeks, Control group was fed with high fat diet and administered with distilled water during 7 weeks, Sample A group was fed with high fat diet and administered with ACL of 500 mg/kg/mouse/day during 7 weeks, Sample B group was fed with high fat diet and administered with ACS of 500 mg/kg/mouse/day during 7 weeks, Sample C group was fed with high fat diet and administered with ACR of 500 mg/kg/mouse/day during 7 weeks. The results were as follows ; 1. Sample A group, Sample B group and Sample C group were significantly decreased the serum total lipid level in comparison with Control group. 2. Sample A group was decreased the body weight (4 weeks, 7 weeks), the serum total cholesterol level, the serum LDL-cholesterol level, the serum triglyceride level, the serum free fatty acid and phospholipid level but increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level in comparison with Control group. 3. Sample B group was increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level but decreased the body weight (4weeks), the serum total cholesterol level, the serum free fatty acid and triglyceride level in comparison with Control group. 4. Sample B group was significantly decreased the body weight (7 weeks), the serum LDL-cholesterol and phospholipid level in comparison with Control group. 5. Sample C group was increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level but decreased the body weight (4 weeks) and the serum free fatty acid level in comparison with Control group. 6. Sample C group was significantly decreased the body weight (7 weeks), the serum total cholesterol level, the serum LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride level in comparison with Control group. According to above results, I suggest ACR is able to be used for the obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1107-1113
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of catechu water extract on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic regents by incubation for 9 days in the absence or presence of catechu extract ranging from $1{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$. The effect of catechu extracts on cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The effect of catechu extracts on 3T3-L1 differentiation was examined by measuring intracellular lipid droplet and triglyceride contents. These results were obtained from preadipocyte proliferation and adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1. Catechu extracts inhibited lipid accumulation and remarkably decreased triglyceride contents in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at a concentration showing no cytotoxicity. The anti-adipogenic effects of catechu appeared to be mediated by significant down-regulation of expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c proteins apart from expression of hormone-sensitive lipase. We suggest that catechu extracts significantly inhibit adipogenesis and can be used for regulation of obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1112-1117
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• 2012

In this study, the effects of a rice diet and bread diet on plasma triglyceride, insulin and ghrelin levels during low-intensity endurance exercise and recovery were investigated. Ten male students randomly received 2 different treatments: the rice diet and bread diet. On the first day, the participants performed 2 hours of treadmill running with 6% uphill at 50% $VO_{2max}$ after breakfast and then each consumed lunch and dinner. Blood samples were drawn 120 min before exercise and, right before exercise and, 60 min and 120 min after the start of exercise. On the second day, blood samples were drawn prior to breakfast, immediately after breakfast and, 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min after breakfast with no exercise treatment. Plasma triglyceride, ghrelin, glucose, and insulin levels were not significantly different between the two treatment groups on the first day. In addition, there was no difference in the carbohydrate and fat oxidation rate between the two treatments groups. However, plasma triglyceride levels in subjects that received the rice diet were significantly reduced by 14% when compared to subjects that received the bread diet at 180 min after consuming the breakfast diet on the second day. Ghrelin levels were significantly higher for subjects that received the rice diet than subjects that were given the bread diet. However, insulin in participants that consumed the rice diet was significantly lower than those that received the bread diet at 60 min and 120 min after consumption of the breakfast diet on the second day. Glucose levels in the subjects that were given the rice diet were significantly reduced by 10.3% when compared with participants that received the bread diet at 60 min. Therefore, the results of the study showed that a rice diet may be more effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases than a bread diet when combined with exercise.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.47-54
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was aimed to figure out how effectively acupuncture treatment and herb-medicine work on patients with elevation of LFT value and lipid-obesity index. Methods : The subject were 23 patients visited to Dept. of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Kwangdong Oriental Medicine Hospital, who complained chronic fatigue and wandering pain from Oct. 2007. to Oct. 2008. Before treatments, they were tested for LFT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, body fat ratio and obesity index. They were treated with Ganjeonggyeok acupuncture weekly for 1 month. During acupuncture treatments, we applied Sangkankunbi-tang to all patients twice a day. After 1 month, they were retested for LFT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, body fat ratio and obesity index. Results : 1. After treatments, we could get the result of dropping means of AST, ALT and $\gamma$-GTP value. Statistical significance of ALT and $\gamma$-GTP were recognized before and after treatments, but AST was not recognized. 2. After treatments, we also could get the result of dropping means of total cholesterol, triglyceride, body fat ratio and obesity index. Statistical significance of all values were recognized before and after treatments. 3. Among 23 patients, 10 cases were reported that they were not within normal limits at least one in AST, ALT and $\gamma$-GTP. After treatments of those patients, we could get the result of dropping means of AST, ALT and $\gamma$-GTP value. Statistical significance of all values were recognized before and after treatments. 4. Among 23 patients, 19 cases were reported that they were not within normal limits at least one in total cholesterol, triglyceride, body fat ratio and obesity index. After treatments of those patients, we could get the result of dropping means of total cholesterol, triglyceride, body fat ratio and obesity index. Statistical significance of all values were recognized before and after treatments. Conclusions : Though further study is necessary, our finding suggest that the conduction of Ganjeonggyeok acupuncture and Sangkankunbi-tang treatments have helped to decrease the figures of LFT and lipid-obesity index in patients.