• 환경영향평가
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to clarify correlations between soil environments and the growth of trees in forests and thereon analyze effects of seasonal changes in such environments on such growth. To determine seasonal factors of soil affecting the Tree Vitality of Pinus thunbergii, first of all, the study designated the Tree Vitality as a dependent variable and soil hardness, moisture, pH, K, Na, Mg and Ca as independent variables. Then the study performed Pearson's coefficient analysis. To clarify what soil factors influence the seasonal growth of Pinus thunbergii multiple regression analysis is carried out, and findings are as follow; the growth of Pinus thunbergii was basically influenced by pH, followed by soil hardness in spring, K, followed by moisture in summer, and by soil hardness in winter. However, no soil factors affected the vitality at the significance level of 5% for t.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2012

The sex ratio and spatial structure of different sexes are major components that affect the reproductive success and population persistence of dioecious plants. The differential reproductive costs between male and female plants are often believed to cause a biased sex ratio and spatial segregation of the sexes through slower growth and/or lower female survivorship. In this study, we examined the sex ratio and spatial structure of one population of $Torreya$ $nucifera$ trees in Jeju Island, Korea. We also tested the effects of the current tending actions in relation to tree vitality. At the population level, the sex ratio of the 2,861 trees was significantly biased toward males; however, it also showed considerable variation among different diameter at breast height classes and across habitats according to terrain level (from upper to lower). In 1999, before tree management (tending) began, among the ecological traits examined, only climber coverage correlated with tree vitality. Intensive tending such as climber removal since 1999 clearly enhanced the vitality of the majority of trees, but its effects were more conspicuous in medium-sized trees than in small ones, in upper terrain trees than those in other terrains, and in females than in males. Both male tree domination in small and large trees and tending effects on females are likely to reflect the effects of female reproductive costs regarding growth and/or survivorship. Spatial segregation between males and females was not observed in $T.$ $nucifera$. Habitat heterogeneity created by the forest's rocky ground and its implications regarding sex ratios and spatial structure require further studies.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.320-331
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• 2019

Background: Dioecious plant species having both male and female plants have been investigated regarding sex-related characteristics such as sex ratio, sex-differential resource requirements, and spatial segregation of the sexes. Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to the survival of plant populations, but dioecious species are particularly more prone to such habitat degradation than non-dioecious species because of their dimorphic sexual system. We examined the sex-related demographics of two Ilex cornuta populations being different regarding land use history. Methods: During 2016-2017, we examined I. cornuta trees with a basal diameter ${\geq}1.5cm$ in the Yongsu-ri population (YS population) and the Gotjawal Provincial Park population (GP population). Plant sex (male, female, or unsexed) was identified. The tree size (basal diameter and height of the main stem), clonal production (the ramet numbers per genet), and vitality for each clone were measured. The associations between population, sex, tree size, clonal production, and vitality were examined using ANOVAs and contingency table analyses. Finally, point pattern analyses using O-ring statistics were conducted to assess spatial patterns. Results: Upon excluding unsexed trees, the YS population with 74 trees was significantly male-biased (0.66), while the GP population with only 26 trees had a 1:1 sex ratio. In both populations, males and females did not differ in tree size. Although the mean number of ramets differed significantly between populations, females tended to produce more ramets than males. The proportion of weak trees was significantly higher in the YS than in the GP population. Neither population showed evidence of spatial segregation of the sexes. Conclusions: The two populations of dioecious I. cornuta are characterized by the small number of trees and relatively high frequencies of non-reproductive trees. Both indicate that these populations are quite susceptible to environmental and genetic stochasticity. On the other hand, the differences between populations in sex ratio, clonal production, and vitality suggest that conservation efforts for I. cornuta need to be population-specific. In order to help recover and enable this vulnerable species to persist, it is necessary to find ways to enhance their sexual reproduction and simultaneously reduce habitat disturbances due to anthropogenic activities.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.97-107
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• 1986

This study was performed to investigate the air pollution tolerance of urban trees; Gingko biloba, Platanus occidentalis, Salix pseudolagiogyne and Purunus serrulata growing in Seoul, Taegu, Chungju area. Vitality of trees and water soluble sulfur content in the leaves were determined at 24 points in those cities. The ratio of the each number of Platanus occidentalis, Gingko biloba, Salix psuedolagiogyne and Prunus serrulata to the total number of urban tree in Seoul area was $49.38\%,\; 17.36\%,\; 13.42\%,\;2.43\%$, respectively. Its ratio in Taegu area was $36.76\%,\;14.25\%,\;13.36\%,\;3.32\%$ and in the Chungju area was $59.06\%,\;17.35\%,\;11.09\%,\;8.33\%$, respectively. The species deversity was 0.7017, 09067, 0.5297 in Seoul, Taegu, Chungju, respectively. The significant correlation between the S02 concentration and the tree vitality highly found on Platanus occidentalis, Gingko biloba, Salix pseudolagiogyne and Prunus serrulata. Positive correlation coefficient between $SO_2$ concentration and water soluble sulfur content were shown on Platanus occidentalis, Salix pseudolagiogyne and Prunus serrulata and that between tree vitality and water soluble sulfur content were shown on Platanus occidentalis and Gingko biloba. The tolerant to the S02 gas was high in order of Salix pseudolagiogyne, Gingko biloba, Prunus serrulata and Platanus occidentalis. Also the absorption activity to the $SO_2$ gas was high in order of Salix psuedolagiogyne, Gingko biloba, Platanus occidentalis and Prunus serrulata.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2018

This study aims to compare and analyze a willow tree (Salix Koreensis andersson) extract's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by investigating its: total polyphenol, flavonoid content, SOD-like activity, DPPH vitality. the willow tree was induced with LPS to determine its active anti-inflammatory effects. as a result, the willow methanol extract showed a higher total polyphenol and flavonoid content than those of willow distilled water extract, but the willow distilled water extract showed a higher SOD than that of willow methanol extract. in its DPPH scavenging ability, the willow methanol extract's antioxidant activity was higher than that of the willow distilled water extract. the willow extract's measurements such as the production of NO, inflammatory cytokine ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 measurement) were significantly reduced as its concentration level went down. according to the research outcomes, when induced, he will extract's macrophage produces mediator-like substances such as NO and inflammatory cytokine that can be used to alleviate the inflammatory response. therefore, the willow tree proved to be a useful raw plant material for the products designed to combat inflammatory activities due to its natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response substances such as NO and cytokine.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.93-103
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• 2000

This research is to propose a rational criterion of the selection and the management f the roadside trees, and to establish the planting design and system with the objective of improving the roadside environment. All of the roadside trees in each objective courses in Kangnung, and the soil disposition, hardness of the soil in the planting areas have been investigated. Also, we have surveyed the kinds of the trees which kandgnung inhabitants want. The conclusion is as follows Most of roadsides have trees, but they need the introduction of shrubs or ground covering plants according to the locations and the environmental conditions. We have selected nineteen species in regard to the roadside tree criterion and the growing conditions living in Kangnung. It is desirable that we make banding style planting space between each roadside tree to improve the low ratio of green coverage. We have found out that Ligustrum obtusifolium, Buxus micropnylla, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Phyllostachys nigro and Rosa rugosa, ect. are suitable. In order to soften and weaken the rigidity of the hard substances on a paved roadside, the climbers such as the perennial herbaceous flowering and hedera rhombea should be preferred rather than annual herbaceous flowering because of curtailment of expenditure. To posses a systematical greenery frame in kangnung, we have planned a planting design system that would expand the greenery space every year. Moreover, we have to make a plan to overcome space restrictions. We have established a flexible plan considering the roadside conditions and the improved standard planting methods with an ultimate aim to create a special roadside view.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate defects in Zelkova serrata trees using an ultrasonic tomograph (PICUS) and suggest a management plan to maintain it as a natural and cultural resource. In previous study, health information of 16 protected trees were obtained by surveying the following categories; tree appearance, crown, bark, root exposure, water and nutrition, deterioration, pest, vitality, ground status, and pollutant. The average score of health was 16.5 in 16 trees, which means that general monitor is needed for management. In this study, the evaluation result of tree's inside defects using an ultrasonic tomograph showed that 43.8% of decay rate has been found in 16 trees. In fact, some trees look to be good even though they actually have a defects causing broken by natural disaster such as strong wind. Therefore, it is urgent to put some support to the trees and come up with a protective plan. The results of this study would be useful as basic data in developing a guideline for the efficient conservation and management of big and old trees.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2014

The vigor condition of trees is an important indicator for the management of urban forested area. But difficulties in how to assess the tree vigor condition still remain. Previous efforts were limited in the 1) measurement of single indicator rather than using multiple indices, 2) purpose-oriented measurement such as for air-pollution effect or specific pathological symptom, and 3) ordinal-scale evaluations by field crews 4) despite human errors based on his/her experiences or prior knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a quantitative and objective methodology for assessing tree vigor condition, by measuring multiple modules and building the profile inventory. Furthermore, the possibility and limitations were discussed in terms of schematic frames describing tree vigor condition. The vigor condition of 56 flowering cherry plants in urban park were assessed by in-situ measurements of following eight items; growth of crown(Gc), growth of shoots, individual tree volume(Vol), plant area index, woody area index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content(Lc) and leaf water content(Lw). For validation, these measurements were compared with the ranks of holistic tree vigor condition, which were visually assessed using a 4-point grading scale based on the expert's knowledge. As a result, the measures of each evaluation item successfully highlighted a variety of aspects in tree vigor condition, including the states of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts. The variation in the results depending on evaluated parts was shown within an individual tree, even though the broad agreement among the results was found. The result of correlation analysis between the tested measurements and 4-point visual assessment, demonstrated that the state of water-stressed foliage of the season (Lw) or the development of plant materials since sapling phase (Vol) could be better viewed from the outer appearance of trees than other symptoms. But only based on the visual assessment, it may be difficult to detect the quality of photosynthesis (Lc) or the recent trend in growth of trees (Gc). To make this methodology simplified for the broad-scale application, the tested eight measurements could be integrated into two components by principal component analysis, which was labelled with 'the amount of plant materials' and 'vigor trend', respectively. In addition, the use of these quantitative and multi-scale indicators underlies the importance of assessing various aspects of tree vigor condition, taking into account the response(s) on different time and spatial scale of pressure(s) shown in each evaluated module. Future study should be advanced for various species at diverse developing stages and environment, and the application to wide areas at a periodic manner.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.80-89
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• 2008

Generally, trees lining the streets are the most easily accessible green areas in the city and constitute the smallest basic unit in the formation of the urban linear green axis. This study attempts to interpret issues related to city trees from a comprehensive and relational viewpoint. The site of this study is Central Park Street in front of Incheon Metropolitan City Hall. This street is representative of those in Incheon City. This study is an inter-relational interpretation of issues by measuring the vitality of these trees. The following are results of this study: First, the vitality of city trees is higher in those trees growing in natural ground than those growing in plant gratings. This observation can lead to budget savings and increased natural areas in the city. Also, if planter and multi-layering planting methods are introduced where damage to trees is predicted, variation to urban landscape can be achieved while linking to reinforced rearing foundation of street-side trees. Second, there is need for a holistic approach to caring for street-side trees regarding the damage caused by drastic pruning and strong street lights. The typical functions of these trees, like supplying freshness in summer, absorbing solar radiation, and controlling the urban micro-climate are closely related to the vitality of the trees. Accordingly, the function and ecology should be understood holistically, not separately. In this aspect, the functional and ecological use of the multi-layering planting method is effective in protecting pedestrians from vehicles as well. Third, the fallen leaves of monotonous rows of trees have different ecological and functional effects. Not only is the index of greenness in the urban setting increased, but there are also aesthetic and symbolic effects. Fourth, in spite of being the street along which Incheon Metropolitan City Hall, major administrative buildings and Central Park are located, this street does not have its own special identity to discriminate it from other streets. It fulfills only functional criteria based on uniformity. If there is no paradigm shift from today's street system based on vehicles, the role of landscape architecture will be very passive in regards to street-side trees, the minimum unit of urban green. Fifth, on this particular street, many trees were planted in December, which reflects a deficiency of short and long-term strategy, like a street-tree master plan. In this aspect, we still lack a mature culture concerning these trees as a basic unit in urban greenery. Furthermore, there needs to be cultural introspection concerning present administrative practices.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제8호
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• pp.3-15
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• 1996

Friedensreich Hundertwasser , born in Vienna 1928, is a painter, an architect and an environmentalist. His architecture is radically different from the traditional , straight -lined, functional architecture practised, for example, by the Bauhaus Masters. From the very beginning , he has tried by various means to show that radical change in thinking are necessary , possible and realized. Hundertwasser's goal in this architecture is to make and give human dwelling in harmony with nature. his architecture is characterized by avoidance of straight lines, " Window Right", irregular arrangement of windows, onion dom, a wealth of colours and such environmentally -friendly consideration as planting of roofs and realizing of "tree-tenants". hundertwasser sees houses as evolving creations which are to be shaped by their inhabitants. He hates Uniformity. The irregularity is always the guiding principle in his architecture. The Hundertwasser's architeucture express his fundamental belief that we may not simply rob nature of her resources, but that we must also return territory to nature which we habe stolen from her. Roofs, terraces and courtyards planted with vegetation and " tree-tenants" build bridges between man and nature. They influse the architecture with vitality and romanticism and are a statement of a quality rather than a standard of living. It is quite possible to value the architecture of Hundertwasser as an important inspiration, as a sort of turning point in the thoughts and actions of city planners. It's success could be healing shock for the international architectural community, which is hypnotized by technology and abused by the shortsighted interests of ren.tability . Under this pressure, today's architects trend to reduce people to a mere part of the " Dwelling machine", without acknowledging that in the long run such machines eat away at people's souls.uch machines eat away at people's souls.