• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6455-6459
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• 2014

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the fourth most common cancer in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to determine the five-year survival rate and median survival time of NPC patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Methods: One hundred and thirty four NPC cases confirmed by histopathology in Hospital USM between $1^{st}$ January 1998 and $31^{st}$ December 2007 that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were retrospectively reviewed. Survival time of NPC patients were estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Log-rank tests were performed to compare survival of cases among presenting symptoms, WHO type, TNM classification and treatment modalities. Results: The overall five-year survival rate of NPC patients was 38.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 29.1, 46.9). The overall median survival time of NPC patients was 31.30 months (95%CI: 23.76, 38.84). The significant factors that altered the survival rate and time were age (p=0.041), cranial nerve involvement (p=0.012), stage (p=0.002), metastases (p=0.008) and treatment (p<0.001). Conclusion: The median survival of NPC patients is significantly longer for age ${\leq}50$ years, no cranial nerve involvement, and early stage and is dependent on treatment modalities.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.375-382
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• 2005

This paper presents the results of experimental investigation for the effect of heat conduction on the evaporation cooling of water droplet in the process of heat treatment. The experiments are mainly focused on the surface temperature, the surface roughness and the droplet diameter at aluminum. The range of surface temperature is from $80^{\circ}C$ to $140^{\circ}C$, surface roughness is from $R_a=0.18{\mu}m$ to $R_a=1.36{\mu}m$ and droplet diameter is from 2.4 mm to 3.0 mm. The results show that the total evaporation time is shorter for the larger surface roughness, the time averaged heat flux has maximum value for the larger surface roughness and exist the critical heat flux. The total evaporation time has a big influence on the evaporation region for the smaller droplet size, but the total evaporation time has not influence on the nuclear boiling region.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the flame retardant performance of Japanese cypress(Chamaecyparis obtusa) plywood, commonly used in indoor decoration, furniture, and tableware, by treating it with three different fire retardants with different primary ingredients. The experiment was conducted in compliance with Article 31, Paragraph 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Fire Facilities Installation and Management Act and Articles 4 and 7-2 of the Flame Retardant Performance Standards. After flame time, after glow time, char length, and char area were measured. As a result, first, after flame time was measured at 0 seconds regardless of whether the flame retardant treatment was applied. Second, after glow time was relatively long, measuring 22.7 seconds without treatment, which is likely due to the weak fire resistance and high concentration of carbon monoxide generated by the chemical characteristics of the Japanese cypress itself. Third, it was confirmed that the effects of the primary ingredient, phosphorus, in the flame retardant treatment varied depending on the technological development of the manufacturers of the same species of Japanese cypress plywood. In the future, it is expected that the results of this study will provide fundamental data to select flame retardant treatments that show high flame retardant performance according to the botanical characteristics of the wood.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were to examine effect by Solid Matrix Priming(SMP) ; method far enhanced rapid and uniform seedling emergence in tobacco seeds. The results were as follows. No enhancement of germination rate was by SMP treatment. In KF114 during 9 days treatment and in KB108 during 7 days treatment, germinative energy was highest, and T50 and mean germination time were the shortest. Cells in embryo and hypocotyl were divided and extended during SMP treatment. The contents of fatty acid were increased in SMP treatment. The changes of glucose content were little.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2003

Male germ cell apoptosis has been extensively explored in rodent. In contrast, very little is known about their susceptibility to apoptosis stimuli of developing germ cell stages at the time when germ cell depletion after busulfan treatment occurs. Furthermore, it is still unanswered how spermatogonial stem cells are resistant to busulfan treatment. We examined the change of gene expression in detail using cDNA microarray analysis of mouse testis treated with busulfan. A subtoxic dose of busulfan (40mg/kg of body weight) transiently increased 228 mRNA levels among of the 8000 genes analyzed. TagMan analysis confirmed that the mRNA levels such as defensive protein, support protein, enzymatic protein, transport protein, and hormonal protein were rapidly increased. These results were re-confirmed by real-time PCR analysis. However, the expression levels of these genes induced by busulfan treatment were significantly reduced in control testis, indicating that both of male germ cells and somatic cells after busulfan treatment induces self-defense mechanism for protection of testicular cell death. Among them, we conclude that defense proteins play a key role in testis injury induced by busulfan.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.139-150
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• 2011

The effects of the high pressure and the high temperature digesting process with water on the properties of rice hull were investigated in this work. Two temperature condition such as $160^{\circ}C$ and $180^{\circ}C$ and thee treatment time such as 15 min, 30 min and 45 min were applied for this treatment. The pH of extract after the digestion process decreased as the temperature and the treatment time of the digestion were increased. The ash content and lignin content were not decreased by the the digestion. The structure of rice hull after digestion treatment became more weak, the better efficiency of the fiberization with PFI-Mill was shown for the digestion treated rice hull with the higher temperature and the longer treatment time.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.342-346
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• 2011

A328 alloy is an attractive candidate for recycle-friendly aluminum alloy in the recycling of automotive components. In this study, A328 alloy melt was degassed by ultrasonic vibration and the effect of treatment time on the density, fluidity and mechanical properties was investigated. Experimental results reveal that a constant value of density can be reached after less than 180 seconds of ultrasonic treatment time, but the density decreased when the treatment time was 300 seconds. Ti which was dissolved from the horn during ultrasonic treatment reduced the fluidity of melt. After degassing by ultrasonic vibration for 180 seconds, tensile strength increased from 201MPa to 250MPa, and elongation increased from 2.38% to 3.50%, however, further treatment deteriorated the mechanical properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.287-292
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• 2008

Dissolution behavior of complex carbonitrides in a Nb-Ti-V microalloyed steel was quantitatively examined by electrical resistivity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical microscopy. The electrical resistivity increased with solution treatment temperature up to $1250^{\circ}C$ for a holding time of 15 min. But, an increasing rate of electrical resistivity with temperature was obviously decreased above $1150^{\circ}C$. As the solution treatment temperature increases, irregular shaped Nb-rich carbonitrides disappear and cuboidal Ti-rich carbonitrides are observed. Abnormal grain growth occurs above $1250^{\circ}C$ for a holding time of 15 min. The optimal solution treatment temperature of a Nb-Ti-V microalloyed steel was determined as $1200^{\circ}C$ for a holding time of 15 min.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.489-494
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• 2013

Nano-sized titanium oxide powders were synthesized by a polymer matrix technique using pulp and Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as starting materials. The synthesized powders were characterized by XRD and FE-SEM. The particle size of the powders was controlled by preparation conditions, such as heat treatment temperature and time. After investigating various drying and heat treatment conditions, 50-100 nm sized homogeneous titanium oxide particles were obtained by treating at $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. The crystallization and rapid growth of particles was accelerated by increasing heat treatment temperature and time. Anatase phase generated below $600^{\circ}C$ transformed to the rutile phase with increasing heat treatment temperature. Moreover, above $800^{\circ}C$, heat treatment time had a very large influence on particle growth, and changing the heating condition also had a large influence on crystal growth.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.73-76
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• 2003

Phase transformation of Bi-2223 tape during the final heat treatment has been investigated through the various duration time of heat treatment in a specially designed 3-step heat treatment. It was found that the phase assemblage in the sintering was determined by the sintering time and temperature. In this study, sintering time was changed to optimize the Bi-2223 phase assemblage, and acquire high critical current density. High critical current samples with Ic = 85 A and Je = 8.9 kA/$cm^2$ have been measured at 77K and self-field for 55-filament tapes sintered by optimum condition.