• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2016

소프트웨어 개발 시 보안을 고려한 개발방법의 적용은 추가비용을 발생시키고, 이러한 추가 비용은 많은 개발조직에서 보안을 고려하지 못하는 원인이 된다. 보안을 고려한 개발을 진행 하더라도, 주어진 비용 내에서 처리할 수 있는 취약점 처리량을 산출하는 방법이 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 보안 취약점 처리 비용을 효율적으로 사용하여 취약점 처리량을 산출하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법에서는 소프트웨어 개발단계 중 구현 단계에 중점을 두고, 정적 분석 툴을 활용하여 CWE TOP25에 대한 보안 취약점을 찾아낸다. 찾아진 취약점은 CWE의 정보를 활용하여, 각 취약점의 위험도, 처리 비용, 비용 당 위험도를 정의하고, 처리 우선순위를 정의한다. 정의된 우선순위를 통하여 탐지된 취약점 처리에 소모되는 비용을 산출하고, 투입 비용 내에서 취약점 처리량을 제어한다. 본 방법을 적용하면, 투입 비용 내에서 최대의 취약점의 위험도를 처리할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.203-219
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• 2021

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to review and analyzes the contract of carriage and delivery/transport document in light of the major changes made to the Incoterms^® 2020 rules forced into effect on January 1st, 2020. Design/methodology - This study analyzed responsibility for the loading and unloading of goods under the contract of carriage in Incoterms 2020^® rules forced into effect by the ICC from January 1, 2020, and what document must be presented as evidence of delivery by the seller. Findings - A review revealed that in Rule C, the costs of unloading at the place of destination are determined by the terms of the contract of carriage, and in the DAP and DDP rules, if the seller bears the unloading costs, such unloading costs cannot be recovered from the buyer. To settle this issue, the seller needs to make a contract of carriage by sea with the carrier on FI terms. Furthermore, in the case of containerized goods that the FCA should be used, FOB was misused because the seller could not present an on-board bill of lading in the L/C transaction. However, it was confirmed that in FCA, the parties can use an optional mechanism to issue an on-board bill of lading. Originality/value - Incoterms 2020^® rules are still widely used in international trade by parties to contract sales around the world, just like Incoterms 2010^® rules. This study attempts to reduce or eliminate disputes that may arise from interpretative misunderstandings between the parties in the contract of sales concluded by the seller and the buyer.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2018

2008년 비트코인이라는 가상화폐의 개념이 발표된 이후, 비트코인의 기반이 되는 블록체인 기술은 향후 우리 사회를 변화시킬 수 있는 4차 산업혁명 시대의 중요한 플랫폼 기술로 주목받고 있다. 기존의 전자금융거래는 정부나 은행 등 신뢰할 수 있는 중앙기관에서 모든 거래 내역을 저장, 관리하고 있는 반면, 블록체인 기반의 전자금융거래는 거래에 참여하는 모든 참여자가 거래 내역을 각각 저장, 관리하는 분산 구조로 이루어져 있어서, 시스템 구축과 운영비용을 절감하면서도 거래의 투명성을 보장할 수 있는 특징을 가지고 있다. 이러한 블록체인 기술은 비트코인으로 시작된 가상화폐 이외에도 스마트 계약, 문서관리 등 다양한 영역으로 그 활용방안이 확장되고 있다. 블록체인의 핵심 기술 영역은 검증된 암호기술을 기반으로 거래 내역의 위조나 해킹이 어렵도록 일정수준 이상의 보안성을 갖추고 있으나, 가상화폐를 사고파는 거래 서비스나 상품 대금으로 지급하는 결제 서비스의 구현에 있어서는 구현 방식에서의 보안 취약점이 존재할 수 있기에 가상화폐 사용에 있어서 보안 위험에 대해서 살펴보고 대응방안에 대해서 논하고자 한다. 특히 가상화폐 거래를 손쉽게 해주는 가상화폐 거래소에 대한 보안 사고가 최근에 자주 발생하고 있으며, 가상화폐를 거래하는 사용자들의 피해도 증가하고 있기에 금융권에 적용 가능한 블록체인 보안 위협을 살펴보고 그 중에서도 특히 보안사고로 인한 피해가 많이 발생하는 가상화폐 거래소에 대한 보안 위협과 적용 가능한 보안 대책을 제시하고자 한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제19권
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• pp.191-223
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• 2003

Electronic commerce and the Internet offer unprecedented opportunities. The explosive expansion of the use of the Internet makes it possible for businesses to expand their markets and render services. Global transaction costs are easy to cut off using Internet and transaction speed is faster than before. Where cyberspace is not free from claims, Offline transaction can lead to problems and disputes the same is for cyberspace transactions. However ADR is not meet for the online transaction for speed, cost and open network system, ODR methods to resolve electronic commerce conflicts is crucial for building confidence and permitting access to justice in an online business environment. The use of the Internet and the network in dispute resolution has an impact on the types of communication implied in the relevant processes such as automated negotiation, online mediation and online arbitration and involves new technological issues such as the integrity and confidentiality of data and communication used to transmit and store data. Among the ODR systems Online Arbitration is currently binding both parties disputed and can achieve the aim of dispute award the same as the traditional arbitration. Arbitration is based on the New York Convention 1958, Arbitration Model law 1985 and national Arbitration Act that are founded on territorial area and rested on arbitration agreement, constitution of the arbitral tribunal, due process, final and binding award and enforcement of the arbitration award. To compare with this issues Online arbitration has unnecessarily legal unstability and risk. ODR is the burgeoning field and has created a new issues. All such issues which have been debated in the ADR are composed with ODR. But these are not limited Some of issues are further complicated by the nature of the online environment such as confidentiality and principle of parties. It is true that online arbitration should comply with legal provisions, but which is impossible to adhere of the law. Flexible translation and functional equivalence of legal provisions are needed for acceptance of electronic commerce disputes. Finally electronic commerce now takes place on the Internet, it is inevitable that the commercial world wants access to dispute resolution process that best suits the new commercial environment. ODR methods are processing for development and legal issues are considered by both national and international authorities. Introduction of new Conventions or amend Convention and Model law of ODR comes near.

• 문화경제연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.3-28
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• 2014

공연예술 수요는 가격 이외의 사회 경제적 요인들 그리고 교육과 경험 지식 같은 문화자본의 영향을 받는다고 알려져 있다. 공연에 대한 지식과 경험과 관련하여 본 연구에서는 개별 공연이 가지는 정보가 수요에 미치는 영향을 거래비용 관점에서 분석하려 하였다. 이를 위해 실제 공연장 자료를 바탕으로 연구 모형을 회귀분석을 이용하여 선택된 공연의 장르, 가격, 인지도 등의 요소가 유료관람객 수에 준 영향을 실증 분석한 결과, 거래비용 특성에 따라 수요가 달라짐을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 일반적으로 가격과 수요는 반비례 관계로 알려져 있으나, 분석 결과 일정 가격 이상에서는 정비례 관계로 나타났다. 이 결과를 해석해보면, 가격이 상품의 질을 평가하는 정보로 사용된 것으로 볼 수 있으며, 관객이 공연관람을 통하여 얻을 수 있는 기대효용에 가격이 영향을 미치는 것을 의미한다. 상기한 분석결과를 통하여 공연의 가격에 따른 소비자의 거래비용의 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 분석 결과가 순수한 공연 관람 이외의 사회적 맥락의 소비라는 이론을 뒷받침할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.63-83
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• 2003

This paper's objective is to provide insights about the problems and expansion strategies of electronic trade. Korean small and medium-sized firms have adopted the Internet since the end of 1990s in order to reshape their competitiveness, and it is now being utilized as a major export marketing instrument to develop new customers, save export transaction costs ad facilitate new work processes. However, at present, the use of the internet in the field of trading is limited to the collection of market information, owing to legal, technical and institutional restraints between countries. In addition to that, because firms have the difficulties in making the trade contract through the e-trade system, the negative recognition on its' utility has been spreaded gradually between companies. This is one of the barriers to block the expansion of e-Trade between Korean firms. Therefore, this paper points out the problems of e-trade in the environmental, institutional and strategic view and provides many considerations for establishing the expansion strategy of e-trade by the Korean government and trade supporting institutions.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.43-59
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• 2011

Incoterms 2010 have been revised in line with the latest changes in contemporary commercial practice. An understanding of Incoterms 2010 is essential. The Incoterms rules on the use of domestic and international trade terms, facilitate the conduct of global trade. Reference to an Incoterms 2010 rule in a sale contract clearly defines the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications. In 1980 the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) was introduced to create international certainty and uniformity in the law and to govern issues that arise in an international sale of goods transaction. This paper focuses on harmony and ability of the CISG and Incoterms 2010 to govern contracts for the sale of goods.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.409-434
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• 2011

SWIFT has designed Trade Services Utility(TSU) to meet the new paradigm of electronic trade. The Trade Services Utility is a matching and workflow application that sits on the SWIFT network. The TSU is designed to help banks offer advanced supply chain services to their corporate customers who are involved in open account trading. Nowadays, the Bank payment obligation(BPO) can optionally be included in a baseline by mutual consent. The BPO is an irrevocable and conditional obligation of an obligor bank(buyers bank) to pay a specified amount to seller's bank according to an established baseline of a single TSU transaction. Therefore, SWIFT enables its customers to automate and standardise financial transactions, thereby lowering costs, reducing operational risk and eliminating inefficiencies from their operations. Whereas, Banks can use the core functionality of the Trade Services Utility to offer competitive services that complement existing services. But SWIFT need to come up with the measures of activating the TSU BPO. So, this paper is to introduce TSU BPO and check the measures for the activation of the TSU BPO under the electronic trade environment.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2017

Uncertain factors in finical markets make the prediction of future returns and risk of asset much difficult. In this paper, a model,assuming the admissible errors on expected returns and risks of assets, assisted in the multiperiod mean variance portfolio selection problem is built. The model considers transaction costs, upper bound on borrowing risk-free asset constraints, cardinality constraints and threshold constraints. Cardinality constraints limit the number of assets to be held in an efficient portfolio. At the same time, threshold constraints limit the amount of capital to be invested in each stock and prevent very small investments in any stock. Because of these limitations, the proposed model is a mix integer dynamic optimization problem with path dependence. The forward dynamic programming method is designed to obtain the optimal portfolio strategy. Finally, to evaluate the model, our result of a meaning example is compared to the terminal wealth under different constraints.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.175-201
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• 2007

Licensing contracts between partners in International Joint Ventures(IJV) have not only aspects of relation contract, which is interdependent and long-term cooperative relationships in interpartner but also aspects of discrete contract which is exposed to opportunistic risk caused by IJV partners who maximize individual profit instead of joint payoff maximization. In this circumstance, appropriate compensation structures such as lump-sum and royalty can reduce conflicts and spur interpartner cooperation. In addition, compensation structures that stipulate each party's rights, duties, and responsibilities under various sets of environmental conditions have strong implications for transaction cost minimization and joint payoff maximization. On the other hands, compensation structures such as lump-sum and royalty in IJV licensing contract have benefits and costs depending on IJV partners uncertainty, partner dependency, and environment uncertainty. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to empirically show how partner uncertainty, partner dependence and environment uncertainty influence compensation structure chosen by licensor in IJV.