• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2018

Great efforts are currently devoted to the development of new approaches for the labeling of cells using appropriate radionuclides. While fluoride-18 and copper-64 have been extensively studied as short-term and intermediate-term trafficking agents, iodide was studied less intensely. Here, we report a new cell labeling agent labeled with $^{131}I$, $[^{131}I]$oleyl-4-iodobenzoate ($[^{131}I]$OIB) for long-term cell trafficking. A precursor of $[^{131}I]$OIB was obtained in two steps, with the yield of 35%. The radiochemical yield of $[^{131}I]$OIB was over 50%. While $[^{131}I]$OIB could label different cells, L6 cells showed the highest cell-labeling efficiency. The $[^{131}I]$OIB-labeled L6 cells were imprinted into a rat heart, and then monitored noninvasively for 2 weeks by gamma camera imaging. We conclude that $[^{131}I]$OIB is a good candidate molecule for a long-term cell trafficking agent.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 2005

Intracellular trafficking of transferrin-conjugated dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide liposome $(T_f-liposome)/DNA$ complexes in HeLa cells was studied using the double-labeled fluorescence technique and confocal microscopy. The size of the $T_f-liposome/DNA$ complex was about 367 nm in diameter and the zeta-potential of it at a 5:1 (w/w) ratio was almost neutral. The intracellular pathway of the $T_f-liposome/DNA$ complex, noted as green (FITC), red (rhodamine) or yellow (FITC + rhodamine) fluorescence, was elucidated from the plasma membrane to the endosome (or lysosome), and finally to the nucleus. The results of this study indicate that plasmid DNA enters into the nucleus not only as a free form but as an associated form complexed with $T_f-liposome$. More interestingly, the $T_f-liposome$ undergoes a nuclear location in the form of ordered structures. This could be a very useful piece of information in designing a safe and advanced gene delivery system.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.501-508
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• 2020

In eukaryotes, membraneous cellular compartmentation essentially requires vesicle trafficking for communications among distinct organelles. A donor organelle-generated vesicle releases its cargo into a target compartment by fusing two distinct vesicle and target membranes. Vesicle fusion, the final step of vesicle trafficking, is driven intrinsically by complex formation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). Although SNAREs are well-conserved across eukaryotes, genomic studies revealed that plants have dramatically increased the number of SNARE genes than other eukaryotes. This increase is attributed to the sessile nature of plants, likely for more sensitive and harmonized responses to environmental stresses. In this review, we therefore try to summarize and discuss the current understanding of plant SNAREs function in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.246-250
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• 2022

The article analyzes the regulations of current criminal law and current issues, combating drug crime on the Internet, as well as measures to combat drug crime in the field of modern information technology. In connection with the growth of crimes in the field of drug trafficking committed with the use of information and telecommunications technologies, the urgent task of the state is to find effective ways to reduce drug crime. The article considers criminologically significant aspects of the mechanism of illicit drug trafficking, which is carried out with the use of information and telecommunication technologies and means of remote communication.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.936-940
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• 2015

Synapsins were the first presynaptic proteins identified and have served as the flagship of the presynaptic protein field. Here we review recent studies demonstrating that different members of the synapsin family play different roles at presynaptic terminals employing different types of synaptic vesicles. The structural underpinnings for these functions are just beginning to be understood and should provide a focus for future efforts.

• 학교보건
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• s.26
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• pp.77-83
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• 2006

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.399-404
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• 2006

Noninvasive molecular targeting in living subjects is highly demanded for better understanding of such diverse topics as the efficient delivery of drugs, genes, or radionuclides for the diagnosis or treatment of diseases. Progress in molecular biology, genetic engineering and polymer chemistry provides various tools to target molecules and cells in vivo. We used chitosan as a polymer, and $^{99m}Tc$ as a radionuclide. We developed $^{99m}Tc-galactosylated$ chitosan to target asialoglycoprotein receptors for nuclear imaging. We also developed $^{99m}Tc-HYNIC-chitosan-transferrin$ to target inflammatory cells, which was more effective than $^{67}Ga-citrate$ for imaging inflammatory lesions. For an effective delivery of molecules, a longer circulation time is needed. We found that around 10% PEGylation was most effective to prolong the circulation time of liposomes for nuclear imaging of $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO-labeled$ liposomes in rats. Using various characteristics of molecules, we can deliver drugs into targets more effectively. We found that $^{99m}Tc-labeled$ biodegradable pullulan-derivatives are retained in tumor tissue in response to extracellular ion-strength. For the trafficking of various cells or bacteria in an intact animal, we used optical imaging techniques or radiolabeled cells. We monitored tumor-targeting bacteria by bioluminescent imaging techniques, dentritic cells by radiolabeling and neuronal stem cells by sodium-iodide symporter reporter gene imaging. In summary, we introduced recent achievements of molecular nuclear imaging technologies in targeting receptors for hepatocyte or inflammatory cells and in trafficking bacterial, immune and stem cells using molecular nuclear imaging techniques.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.397-404
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• 2016

Illegal and harmful contents on the Internet has been an issue and been increased in Korea. They are often posted on the billboard and website of small enterprise and government office. Those illegal and harmful contents can relate to crime and suspicious activity, so, we need a detection system. However, to date the detection itself has been conducted manually by a person. In this paper, we develop an automated URL detection scheme for detecting a drug trafficking by using Google. This system works by analyzing the frequently used keywords in a drug trafficking and generate a keyword dictionary to store words for future search. The suspected drug trafficking URL are automatically collected based on the keyword dictionary by using Google search engine. The suspicious URL can be detected by classifying and numbering each domain from the collection of the suspected URL. This proposed automated URL detection can be an effective solution for detecting a drug trafficking, also reducing time and effort consumed by human-based URL detection.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.407-409
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• 2000

Outer envelope membrane proteins of chloroplasts encoded by the nuclear genome are transported without the N-terminal transit peptide. Here, we investigated the targeting mechanism of AtOEP7, an Arabidopsis homolog of small outer envelope membrane proteins in vivo. AtOEP7 was expressed transiently in protoplasts or stably in transgenic plants as fusion proteins with GFP. In both cases AtOEP7:GFP was targeted to the outer envelope membrane when assayed under a fluorescent microscope or by Western blot analysis. Except the transmembrane domain, deletions of the N- or C-terminal regions of AtOEP7 did not affect targeting although a region closed to the C-terminal side of the transmembrane domain affected the targeting efficiency. Targeting experiments with various hybrid transmembrane mutants revealed that the amino acid sequence of the transmembrane domain determines the targeting specificity The targeting mechanism was further studied using a fusion protein, AtOEP7：NLS：GFP, that had a nuclear localization signal. AtOEP7：NLS：GFP was efficiently targeted to the chloroplast envelope despite the presence of the nuclear localization signal. Taken together, these results suggest that the transmembrane domain of AtOEP7 functions as the sole determinant of targeting specificity and that AtOEP7 may be associated with a cytosolic component during translocation to the chloroplast envelope membrane.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.3071-3075
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• 2012

Human ${\alpha}$-synuclein is the major component of the protein aggregates known as Lewy bodies or Lewy neurites, which define the intracellular lesions of Parkinson's disease. Despite extensive efforts, the physiological function of ${\alpha}$-synuclein has not yet been elucidated in detail. As an approach to defining its function, proteins that interacted with ${\alpha}$-synuclein were screened in phage display assays. The SNARE protein vesicle t-SNARE-interacting protein homologous 1B (VTI1B) was identified as an interacting partner. A selective interaction between ${\alpha}$-synuclein and VTI1B was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. VTI1B and ${\alpha}$-synuclein were colocalized in N2a neuronal cells, and overexpression of ${\alpha}$-synuclein changed the subcellular localization of VTI1B to be more dispersed throughout the cytosol. Considering the role played by VTI1B, ${\alpha}$-synuclein is likely to modulate vesicle trafficking by interacting with a SNARE complex.