• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2023

This study is an architectural and landscaping analysis view to rural landscape paintings painted by Vincent van Gogh in the late 19th century. The purpose of this research is to discover the expressive techniques of Western art that Van Gogh's landscape paintings have, and to understand the characteristics of the architectural object in his landscape paintings from February 1888 to April 1889 in Arles, southern France. The method of this study is to analyze the landscape paintings of Van Gogh painted during 15 months in Arles. Among the total paintings in Arles, 47% of the paintings he made were landscapes. The following conclusions have three views. First, Vincent van Gogh was born into a Protestant family in the Netherlands and become an artist in his late twenties. While living in Arles, he painted prolific landscapes. Farming, farmers, and rural area related to normal living are the main subjects of paintings. It can be seen as showing the view that everyday life is sublime and should be included as a unitary value. Second, Gogh's rural landscape paintings were painted with linear and aerial perspective with other the expressive techniques, and plane painting structure that leads to two dimension. Third, from an architectural point of view, Van Gogh's paintings depicted simple vernacular architecture such as traditional rural house, mas, thatched houses, and mills in southern France. This means the normal value of the rural landscape through the eyes of the painter.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.87-96
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• 2017

This study focuses on the Andong Hahoe Village and seeks to identify the shape of the walls since the 1970s. The change of walls can be divided into four periods based on characteristics of materials, shape and distribution. The following is a summary of the results: First, In the 1970s, when Andong Hahoe Village was not designated as a cultural heritage, roof tiles hung on the earthen walls in the middle of the village were major forms. On the outside of the village, rice straw and pine needles were put on the earthen walls or bush clover walls were put in place around if walls were not built. Second, after being designated as a cultural heritage in the 1980s, readjustments for cultural heritages were carried out at the primary stage. However, the distribution of cultural heritages and major changes were not determined at this time since readjustments were mainly focused on the renovation of derelict houses or maintenance of infrastructures. Third, in the past the use of stone bricks for the Hahoe Village site had been difficult, but in the 1990s, replacements with soil-stone walls were identified and the usage of roof tiles increased. The portion of earthen walls, which used to be the major form in the prior era, decreased and this seems to have continued until the 2000s. Fourth, via a field survey, it was found that most of Hahoe village walls consisted of soil cement bricks mixed with cement, steel, lime, gravel. etc. Also, the scope of straw-stricken walls and bush clover walls were reduced to a section of area outside of the village. Fifth, from the 1970s to the present, there were changes to the walls in Hahoe Village including an increase in usages of new materials and an expansion of houses with tiled roofs on top in accordance with the replacement of walls of existing houses. Relevant reasons for this have been identified, such as the fading value of Fungsui(風水) and lack of original records, insufficient awareness and expertise in non-building areas, and the relationship between residents on repairing the wall.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.4 s.21
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• pp.39-62
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• 1999

Basic concept of this study is that architectural form as a material at present has meaning for the dweller's life on the past historical plane. Main method to recover history is ethnographic interview to dwellers. Secondary method is to analyze ancestors' writings, buildings in the background of the family photos, and past drawings and then to relate them with architectural form at present. Taxonomy is a starting point: general name of the building by outside researcher is quite different from it by inside dwellers. 'Haengrang-chae', servant quarter, has never been used for servants. Function of the haengrang went outside thatched houses at the front village. Firsthand observation or simple analyses as results of several precedent research are reexamined and criticized through this study. The mansion has moaning when we synthesize with the site location based on farming land and tenant farmer, and decline of the Kyongpo Lake. Territoriality of the mansion is reinterpreted to 'In-Out Structure' by Yin-Yang thinking, Dwellers extend buildings gradually to outside village, surrounding rear hills, the lake, DongHae Sea, and finally goes to imaginative Taoist heaven beyond real nature through the literary life. Confucius principle, known to govern upper class house at Yi Dynasty also affect general composition of the buildings: perpetuation of the family by ancestor worship, elder dominance and male dominance, fraternity love in the extended family, charity display by reception of guests, Taoist scholarly life harmonized with nature. However, the study of the particular life and usage of the dwellers reinforces or corrects general supposition of precedent researches. Unique shape of the house has been formed by convenience of the dwellers' life style, early modernized free thought over the rigid Confucius design principle, and female power in male dominant society.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.255-257
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• 2021

During the winter season, when electricity usage increases rapidly every year, fires are frequent due to short circuits in aging electrical facilities in multi-use facilities such as traditional markets and jjimjilbangs, apartments, and multi-family houses. Most of the causes of such fires are caused by excessive loads applied to aging wires, causing the wire covering to melt and being transferred to surrounding ignition materials. In this study, we implement a system that measures the overload and overheating of the wire through a composite sensor, detects the toxic gas generated there, and logs it to the server through the gateway. Based on this, we will develop a platform that can predict, alarm and block electric fires in real time through big data analysis, and a simulator that can simulate fire occurrence experiments.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.4D
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• pp.627-634
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• 2006

Now, in a domestic country, the rebuilding and redevelopment of existing houses has been rapidly increasing with an economic growth and the improvement of living condition. As a result of that, a lot of C&D waste has been also produced. Nevertheless, it is not easy to find the research results for appropriate treatment and management of C&D waste in domestic. Therefore this study suggests the optimum deconstruction management system for minimizing construction waste and increasing reuse or recycle rate of material different from traditional demolition. The system makes it possible to plan and manage in advance quantity of C&D waste, demolition methods of each structural elements and application methods of produced C&D waste through an integrated and computerized system. The purpose of the system is ultimately to contribute to minimizing environmental damages and reducing construction waste quantity of a country. This system is largely composed of four modules such as planning of preliminary demolition survey, estimating of demolition quantity, planning of demolition schedule and planning of construction waste management and each module can be also used individually according to the purpose of a user.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to propose the construction of a visibility analysis model, which is the basis of the analysis for landscape management on the heritage sites such as historic villages and scenic sites. Results of the visibility analysis using DEM and the visibility analysis of DSM based on 3D mapping data are compared as follows: Precision level of the extracted data was confirmed to be less than 6.5cm, based on RTK survey results produced by constructing orthoimage data and DSM from the digital data of 2cm-class GSD(Ground Sample Distance) obtained by using a small UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). As a result of comparing the visibility analysis data of Digital Surface Model (DSM) using a small UAV with Digital Elevation Model(DEM) applying the height of the building to the Digital Topographic Map, it was confirmed that more realistic visibility analysis can be accomplished by applying DSM, as the structures such as fences, trees, and houses are reflected in the topographic data. The visibility analysis model using the 3D mapping technique can efficiently obtain the constantly changing topographic information when needed, by immediately constructing the data by utilizing a small UAV. It seems to be possible to propose a reasonable analysis result for preservation management such as landscape evaluation of cultural property.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.182-197
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• 2011

This research was carried out to investigate the history and development process of the Bansu(泮水) which appeared uniquely at the Chinese 'temple-school(廟學)', Confucian schools as the common and necessary facility through the literature reviews and field surveys. The earliest record about the Bansu was shown in "The Book of Odes(詩經)". Originally Bansu was the water system which flowed near the 'Banpalace(泮宮)', but, in the following time, Bansu has become the symbol of the school which was built by the feudal lords and a very important element in the temple-school landscape. Temple-schools were started at Song(宋) Dynasty and at that time there was no certain form of Bansu, just the natural water course near the structure. Until Ming Dynasty, the "Picture of the Feudal lords' Ban-su" in the book "Samjedohoe(三才圖會)" that compiled by Wang-Xi(王圻), the form of Bansu was appeared to be transformed as the half-round pond. And the half-round pond as called Banji(泮池) of today's form was all rebuilt after Ming Dynasty. The half-moon pond appeared at the private houses, shrines, temples and villages were influenced by the book. From this research we can get the conclusions that Banji seemed one of the sacred one and used in the space arrangement formally for the various functions. This research has found the cultures of half-moon ponds which were used uniquely in China.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2021

This paper attempted to examine the value of private house garden as a historical garden among local cultural heritages remaining in Chungcheong-do Province. To this end, the following conclusions were drawn through the framework of value analysis in which the contents of Ji Cheng's Yuanye of China, Tachibana Toshitsuna's Sakuteiki in Japan, and HISTORIC GARDENS THE FLORENCE CHARTER 1981 were applied to target sites. First, local cultural heritage belong to unregistered cultural heritage, and a total of 616 local cultural heritages in Chungcheong-do Province were identified, and Cheongju City possesses the largest number of local cultural heritages. Most of the local cultural heritages are distributed in ancient capital or adjacent to it, and five of the local heritages are related to historical garden. Second, the target sites were old houses constructed during the Joseon Dynasty with a long history, and although there were few changes in spatial division, the scale of some gardens and outer yard spaces was reduced due to urban planning, etc. Third, the target site is Sangjihapui(相地合宜) and Inchacheui(因借體宜) in location and space division, so the space is divided according to the surrounding terrain and the landscape is naturally drawn to construct a garden. Fourth, the garden of the target site has a structural value of a garden that is Jeongihapui(精而合宜) and Gyoideukche(巧而得體) as it is subtle and naturally constructed with the garden by grasping the surrounding terrain. Fifth, for the continuous preservation of historical garden, it is necessary to strengthen the already enacted local cultural heritage ordinance, and to establish a documentary project for each spatial component and a plan for climate change.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the style of livestock house, concentration of malodorous substances of livestock feces and livestock houses in Daejeon area. Among the livestock houses investigated, as most of cow pens(94.5%) have sawdust or chaff on the bottom, there was no leakage of feces out of pen. Most pig pens adopted slury style, but some of them currently use buffering material on the bottom. It is thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. When it comes to hen house, all the broiler house use litters on the bottom and all the layer house use scrapper. It is also thought that there will be no possible contamination leakage. 3 out of 12 deer pens used buffering material on the bottom, 10 places were maintained in a traditional method, and 7 places left possibility of contamination leakage considering whether the roof was installed or not. The contents of ammonia, amine and volatile fatty acid in fresh feces were lower compared to rotten feces, but the concentration of sulfur-containing matter - hydrogen sulfide, methylmercapthan and ethylmercapthan were higher compared to rotten feces. In the case of malodorous ingredient in livestock houses, only small amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected in pig pen and hen house, and other ingredients were not detectable. And those who are engaged in animal husbandry reacted negatively to the use of feed additives for decreasing malodor. In conclusion, it is not worrisome that contamination can be leaked out of animal raising facilities. But if we take into consideration that the point of investigation time is wintry season, there should be more considerate attitude. And feed additives for decreasing malodor need establishing criteria in the manufacturing process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to infer the aspects and significance of Musa basjoo of latter part of Chosun Dynasty by analyzing the planting tendency and planting location of Musa basjoos drawn in total 77 old paintings and the characteristics of the paintings where Musa basjoos appeared, while trying to understand symbolic meanings of floral languages as well as the images and significance of Musa basjoos which appeared in the prose and poetry of Chosun Dynasty, and the results are as follows; With its floral languages of 'waiting', 'parting' and 'beauty', Musa basjoo represented the wealth and resuscitation and it aroused the elegance of hermits in its Taoistic sense. And it also represented 'the unworldliness to get out of transient human affairs' in its Buddhistic sense. Musa basjoos which appeared in 'Garden Custom Painting(庭園雅集圖)', 'Gosa Figure Painting(故事人物圖)' and 'Gyehoe Painting(契會圖)' is considered a device to increase the unworldly atmosphere of gardens and to dignify the elegant meetings of scholars, reflected by the high appearance frequencies of cranes and deer. And it seems that the meaning of Musa basjoo in certain paintings like 'Life-time Paintings(平生圖)', 'Castle City Painting(盛市圖), and 'Cultivating and Weaving Painting(耕織圖)' is an aspiration for wealth and prosperity, and the Musa basjoos planted in temples are considered to have symbolic meanings of aspiration for 'Salvation through Belief' as well as a unworldly meaning which reminds the transiency of human affairs. In addition, the expected effect of experiencing 'the sound of rain falling on the leaves of Musa basjoo' has been pursued, which can be confirmed by the fact that Firmiana simlex with wide leaves similar to Musa basjoo can be frequently spotted near the houses. Meanwhile, Musa basjoos seem to have been planted mainly in front garden or side garden around detached house and Musa basjoos inside the houses seem to have been planted mainly in right side when viewed from the entrance, in relation with the location of bedrooms where it is easier to hear the sounds from the right side of the environment. And the paintings where Musa basjoos appear with strange rocks and bizarre stones among other things have greater part of all the paintings, which is considered a kind of intentional landscaping and a product of mixed materials for elegant appreciation. And the major characters of the painting were involved in the activities of scholars such as arts, and the activities of minor characters were greatly related to their everyday lives. Musa basjoo of Chosun Dynasty in $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ century was one of the symbols necessary for description of gardens. And it provided the images of rainy scenes together with scholar culture which had a meaning of self-discipline, and it is assumed that the planting of Musa basjoo with the spirit of cease lessen deavor of a new leaf pushing up the tree and the spirit of resuscitation had the same trace of wheels in the city space of our country as the decline of scholar culture of Chosun Dynasty.