• 유통과학연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2024

Purpose: This study sheds light on the need for trust in buyer-seller relationships in supply chains and explores why long-term orientation is important. It also investigates the effect on relationship performance. This study provides implication on how to build robust supply chains. Methodology: A survey was conducted with firms with supply chains in South Korea. A total of 350 valid questionnaires were analyzed through Entrust Survey-a sampling company. Structural equation modeling (SPSS 18.0 and AMOS) was employed to test the hypotheses. Results: Cognitive trust had a positive effect on emotional trust. Emotional trust had a positive effect on long-term orientation but did not have a significant effect on relationship performance. Long-term orientation was proportionate to relationship performance. Conclusions: Trust is a critical factor in supply chains. As business environments are rapidly changing, the uncertainties are also meaningful. Supply chains have collapsed owing to COVID-19, the Russia-Ukraine war, and the U.S.-China trade war, and they are only just recently being rebuilt. Maintaining relationships with supply-chain partners is vital, and promoting cognitive and emotional trust is necessary.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.87-106
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• 2022

기술발전(셰일가스, 셰일오일), 무역전쟁, COVID-19, 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁 등으로 인해 에너지 시장의 불확실성이 확대되고 있다. 특히, 2020년 이후 COVID-19, 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁의 영향으로 장기화된 수요 감소로 인한 상품 운송의 공급체인의 변화 등으로 인해 에너지 시장의 국제적 교역에 대한 위험이 크게 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 점을 고려하여 에너지 시장에서의 국제적 교역의 연계성을 파악하기 위해 에너지 가격, 탱커운임지수, 불확실성 사이의 연계성을 분석하였다. 주요 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, MS-VAR 모형을 이용하여 에너지 가격 모형의 안정기와 불안정기를 분석한 결과 원유시장 모형과 천연가스시장 모형 모두 불안정기에 비해 안정기가 유지될 확률이 더 높게 나타나 특정 사건에 의해 변동성이 확대된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 에너지 시장의 안정기와 불안정기의 연계성 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 총 연계성의 경우 원유시장 모형과 천연가스시장 모형 모두 안정기에 비해 불안정기에 변수 간에 연계성이 확대된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 에너지 시장의 안정기의 경우 연계성 정도를 고려했을 때, 수요측 요인을 대표하는 탱커 운임지수의 효과가 크다는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 에너지 시장의 불안정기는 원유시장 모형에 비해 천연가스 시장의 연계성이 급격하게 증가하는 것으로 보아 원유시장에 비해 에너지 가격에 영향을 미치는 불확실성이 확대되면 천연가스 시장의 변동성 전이 효과가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권36호
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• pp.150-179
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• 2015

This thesis analyzes Somali piracy as a non-traditional threat to the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC) and international countermeasures to the piracy. In an era of globally interdependent economies, the protection of sea lines and freedom of navigation are prerequisites for the development of states. Since the post-Cold War began in the early 1990s, ocean piracy has emerged as a significant threat to international trade. For instance, in the Malacca Strait which carries 30 percent of the world's trade volume, losses from failed shipping, insurance, plus other subsequent damages were enormous. Until the mid-2000s, navies and coast guards from Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, together with the International Maritime Organization (IMO), conducted anti-piracy operations in the Strait of Malacca. The combined efforts of these three maritime states, through information sharing and with reinforced assets including warships and patrol aircrafts, have successfully made a dent to lower incidents of piracy. Likewise, the United Nations' authorization of multinational forces to operate in Somali waters has pushed interdiction efforts including patrol and escort flotilla support. This along with self-reinforced security measures has successfully helped lower piracy from 75 incidents in 2012 to 15 in 2013. As illustrated, Somali piracy is a direct security threat to the international community and the SLOC which calls for global peacekeeping as a countermeasure. Reconstructing the economy and society to support public safety and stability should be the priority solution. Emphasis should be placed on restoring public peace and jurisdiction for control of piracy as a primary countermeasure.

• Architectural research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Social housing has a long history in Germany from the first still existing social housing ever, the "Fuggerei" in Augsburg (founded in 1521), over the last 100 years from the end of World War I to today's situation where the need in social housing has increased while the number of housing projects and the number of existing apartments in this program has decreased or ended. Socio-economic changes like demographic evolution, more single households, greater working abilities in bigger cities and an unforeseen highly increased number of migrants within Europe mostly but also from other countries led to the need of affordable housing for a growing number of people who are not able to care for their housing needs in their own responsibility. This is especially true for bigger cities, where the offer of affordable housing is nearly non-existing any more. The family Fugger, a trade and banking dynasty at their time, established a very modern housing concept, providing good and healthy living space for their workers. In 2018 now some trade companies, discounters (ALDI, LIDL, Norma) and IKEA announce to combine their interest in sales in the inner cities with the municipal interest of redensification of existing housing areas and conversion to ecological urban reconstructuring.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제22권
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• pp.255-285
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• 2004

After more than 15 years of negotiations, China was finally able to achieve the WTO membership, opening up new trade opportunities for China as well as existing WTO members. China accepted a special safeguard mechanism as one of its WTO- plus commitments. And in response, Korea has since introduced China special safeguard rules, which in simple terms, allows an invocation of safeguard measures against Chinese product imports under more lapse conditions than would normally be allowed under the existing general safeguard rules. China also introduced new safeguard rules in November 2001 in an effort to increase transparency in its operation of safeguard measures. However, the current article contends that the new rules pose a serious threat to free trade in the form of the retaliation provision, which enables China to take unilateral retaliatory actions against safeguard measures on Chinese product imports, It indicates that the provision could be operated in an arbitrary manner as the US Super 301, and lead to infringements of WTO disciplines. This paper indicates that the foregoing elements could lead to mort trade disputes between Korea China regarding safeguard measures and subsequent retaliations on the hills of the so called the Garlic War. The current article goes on to offer policy recommendations toward deterring such disputes. First, it recommends a more active invocation of Korea's own retaliatory provision against China's unilateral actions at least to gain negotiating leverage. Second, it sites problems involving China's still conspicuous state-trading practices, and proposes to raise issues again China to induce more faithful implementation of WTO disciplines Final, it stresses the importance of preventing disputes before they arise, and suggests several specific preventive measures.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2003

전투기에 장착되는 엔진의 수는 필요한 추력과 가용엔진에 의해 대부분 결정되어 왔으나, 엔진 기술의 발달로 임무성능-체계분석-경제성 등이 중요한 고려요소가 되었다. 베트남전과 걸프전의 실전사례 분석 결과 안전성과 취약성은 쌍발기가, 피격율은 단발기가 다소 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. F404-GE-400과 F-125 엔진을 장착한 초음속 경공격기를 설계하여, 엔진 수에 따른 비교연구를 수행하였다. 쌍발기 형상이 최대이륙중량 8%, Flyaway Cost 26%, LCC 13% 정도 컸으며, 단발기 형상이 기동-저속성능과 RM&S 성능이 다소 우수하였으나 큰 차이는 없었다. 전투기의 획득시 저급(Low) 전투기는 단발엔진을, 중급이상(Med.+)의 전투기는 쌍발엔진을 적용하는 것이 체계분석-경제성-운용개념 등을 고려한 여러 측면에서 유리할 것으로 판단된다.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제9권10호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2019

본 연구는 미-중 무역분쟁을 보다 장기적인 관점에서 'G2 리스크'로 정의하고 급변하는 세계무역환경 속에서 중소기업 수출지원제도의 문제점을 진단하고 개선방안을 논의하고 있다. 중소기업 수출지원제도는 이를 총괄하는 컨트롤 타워가 부재하고, 사업별로 제도가 운용되면서 정책 간 중복으로 인해 행정적 낭비가 발생할 수 있다는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해서 첫째, 중소기업 수출지원제도를 총괄하는 컨트롤 타워를 명확하게 설정해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 컨트롤 타워를 명확하게 설정한 이후 중장기 로드맵을 구축하여 중소기업 수출지원제도의 효율적인 운영방안을 마련해야 할 것이다. 셋째, 개별 수출지원조직의 역할과 책임을 명확하게 한 후 조직 간 협력을 강화할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 중소기업 수출지원제도가 잘 수립되고 운영되고 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위해서는 올바른 성과평가기준과 환류시스템을 마련하는 것이 중요하다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.420-427
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• 2020

미·중 무역 분쟁이 시작된 이래로 전 세계의 관심은 물론이고 각 국의 무역에도 영향을 미치게 되었다. 하지만 미·중 무역전쟁은 전통산업의 경쟁에만 국한되지 않았으며 5G 산업의 경쟁도 갈수록 치열해지고 있다. 본 연구는 문헌연구를 중심으로 미국이 중국의 화웨이 회사에게 제재를 가하게 된 심층적인 원인을 분석하였다. 또한 이에 대한 문제점을 파악하고 해결방안을 제시하고자 한다. 미·중 무역 전쟁이 끊임없이 확대되고 빠르게 성장하고 있는 중국 산업은 미국의 산업에 영향을 줄 수 있으며 미국의 제재는 더 강화될 수 있다. 미국의 제재에도 불구하고 중국 5G의 빠른 속도와 효율적인 비용은 중국의 경쟁력을 더욱 높여 주고 있다. 하지만 앞으로 미국의 경제제재 하에서 중국의 5G 산업은 어떻게 생존하고 더욱 발전 할 것인가에 대한 심도 있는 연구가 이루어져야 한다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.21-47
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• 2021

Purpose - Offshoring has emerged as one of the major trends in international trade and has become one of the strategies for achieving competitiveness in the global market. In spite of this, the expected gains of offshoring can be offset by hidden costs and risks, such as those associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the trade war between the USA and China, and the ongoing trade dispute between Korea and Japan. To obviate such business failure and prevent critical business blunders, offshoring strategies that efficiently consider both risk elements and potential wealth creation are urgently need. The first purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of more advanced offshoring strategies to help host countries select the best locations to manage supply chain risks and create unique value. The second purpose is to specifically analyze the current status of Korea and provide Korean companies with implications to be considered when deciding whether to offshore or re-shore. Design/methodology - A Network DEA model was applied to measure the comparative location efficiency of national competencies for offshoring strategy from perspectives of wealth creation opportunities (profitability and marketability) and supply chain risk management. The location efficiencies are compared among a total 70 countries selected from the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and globally attractive locations outlined by Kearney (2017). For the secondary analysis of efficiency, a t-test examining the nature of competitive advantage and the level of sophistication in production processes was implemented in three divisions. We then analyzed differences in offshoring performance in terms of the identified national traits. Moreover, Tobit regression analysis is conducted to investigate the correlation between value-added business activities and each divisional efficiency, seeking to determine how each degree of value-added business activity influences the increase in offshoring productivity. Findings - Regarding overall location efficiency for offshoring performance, only the USA and Italy were identified as being efficient as host countries for offshoring, under circumstances of advanced development, such as productivity and risk management. Korea ranks 13th among 70 countries. The determinants of national competitiveness depend on national traits (the nature of competitive advantage and business sophistication). Countries with labor/resource advantages and labor-intensive industries are more competitive in terms of marketability than others. In contrast, countries with strong technology-intensive industries benefit offshoring companies, particularly in the technology sector, with the added advantage of supply chain risk management. As the perception of a value chain is broader in a country, it can achieve both production sophistication and competitive advantages such as marketability and SCRM. Originality/value - Existing studies focus on offshoring effectiveness from a company perspective. This paper contributes to comparing country efficiency in producing core competencies related to an offshoring strategy and also segments countries into three performance-based considerations associated with the global offshoring market. It also details Korea's position as an offshoring location according to national efficiency and competency.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1997

In this paper we suggested a performance evaluation model for future weapon systems. Weapon Performance Index(WPI) model transform the characteristics of alternatives as indices. We can easily obtain WPIs of alternatives with the model. The highest WPI recommended as the best solution. The performance elements in hierachy for future weapon systems are determined by systems engineering procedure. Priorities in hierachy can be determined through survey of experts engineering procedure. Priorities in hierachy can be determined through survey of experts and statistical analysis. Utility function is formulated as a probability model and utility score is predicted on the basis of historical data about the same category of weapon systems in the world. WPI is calculate from sum of product of priorities and utility scores. The model can be applied to trade-off analysis, cost and effectiveness analysis, war game model.