• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.129-155
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• 2000

This empirical study, activity-based costing, a newly introduced approach that has proved to be an improvement over the conventional costing system in product or service costing, is applied at department of clinical pathology in K university hospital. The study subjects were 233 test procedures done in clinical laboratory of K university hospital. Activity analysis was done by interview, questionnaires, and time study, and the amount of resources consumed by each activity and their costs are then traced and applied to the laboratory tests. The main purpose of this study were to compare the test costs of activity-bases costing with those of conventional costing, and test fees of medical insurance, and to provide accurate cost informations for the decision makers of hospital. The major findings of this study were as belows. 1. The cost drivers for application of activity-based costing at clinical laboratory were cases of sample collection, case of specimen, cases of test, and volume-related allocation bases such as direct labor hours and total revenue of each test. 2. The profits of each clinical laboratory fields analyzed by conventional costing were different from the profits analyzed by activity-based costing, especially in the field of Urinalysis(approximately over estimated 750%). 3. The standard full costs by conventional costing were quite different from the costs computed by using activity-based costing, and the difference is most significant with the tests of long labor time. 4. From the comparison between costs computed by using activity-based costing and medical insurance fees, some test fees were significantly lower than the costs, especially in the non-automated fields. As described in this study, activity-based costing provides more accurate cost information than does conventional costing system. The former approach is especially important in the health care industry including hospitals in which planning and controlling the costs services provided are the key to maintaining a healthy financial status for the organization. Despite the contribution of activity-based costing the economic as well as technical feasibilities of implementing such a cost accounting system in an organization must be evaluated. In the development of activity-based costing systems, an activity analysis has to be conducted to identify activities that consume resources. This involves a detailed study of the organization's logistics and accounting information systems, and it is an expensive project in itself. Besides, it can be quite difficult and time consuming to identify and trace resource consumption to a specific activity. Thus the activity-based costing system should be implemented only when the decrease in cost of error far exceeds the increase in cost of measurement. By combining activity-based costing with standard costing, health care administrators can better plan and control the costs of health services provided while ensuring that the organization's bottom line is healthy.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid profiles in 18 soybean cultivars grown in Korea. A total of eleven fatty acids were identified in the sample set, which was comprised of myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1, ${\omega}7$), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1, ${\omega}9$), linoleic (C18:2, ${\omega}6$), linolenic (C18:3, ${\omega}3$), arachidic (C20:0), gondoic (C20:1, ${\omega}9$), behenic (C22:0), and lignoceric (C24:0) acids by gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Based on their color, yellow-, black-, brown-, and green-colored cultivars were denoted. Correlation coefficients (r) between the nine major fatty acids identified (two trace fatty acids, myristic and palmitoleic, were not included in the study) were generated and revealed an inverse association between oleic and linoleic acids (r=-0.94, p<0.05), while stearic acid was positively correlated to arachidic acid (r=0.72, p<0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the fatty acid data yielded four significant principal components (PCs; i.e., eigenvalues>1), which together account for 81.49% of the total variance in the data set; with PC1 contributing 28.16% of the total. Eigen analysis of the correlation matrix loadings of the four significant PCs revealed that PC1 was mainly contributed to by oleic, linoleic, and gondoic acids, PC2 by stearic, linolenic and arachidic acids, PC3 by behenic and lignoceric acids, and PC4 by palmitic acid. The score plots generated between PC1-PC2 and PC3-PC4 segregated soybean cultivars based on fatty acid composition.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2008

Analyses of UV-Vis spectrum and reflectance are useful tools to identify pearls of which color was naturally made or chemically changed. Contents of some trace elements of pearls by using ED-XRF may give us the information that the pearls were originated from marine shells or freshwater shells, and may give us whether the pearls were chemically treated or not. Three types of chemically untreated pearls, freshwater cultured, Akoya cultured and Tahitian cultured, were treated with silver nitrate. UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of Ag was changed after treatment, and reflectance of pearls was decreased. Absorbance of natural black colored Tahitian cultured pearls at 400, 500 and 700 nm was observed. Natural black colored freshwater cultured pearls showed two characteristic absorption patterns in UV-Vis spectra at 380-400, 480-500 nm. Unlike naturally black colored Tahitian cultured pearls, the absorption spectrum at 700 nm could not be found from black freshwater cultured pearls. Manganese was not detected in the pearls from marine shells, and strontium content of the pearls from marine cultured shells was higher than that from freshwater cultured shells. According to ED-XRF analysis, Ag contents of silver nitrate treated pearls increased as more time passed, because silver ion invaded to nacre layer of the pearls. Since Ag content of the black pearls known as untreated ranged under 0.1%, analysis of Ag content may used to distinguish the black pearls are treated or not in marketplace.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.82-91
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• 2013

This study was performed in order to analysis the landscape change and cause of scenic sites and surrounding environment is located in the Urban Residential Area since modern. The study was carried out using of field observations, literature review, cadaster map analysis from 1962 to 2010, and survey. It trace about Seongnagwon, Mapo Choi Sa-Young's old house, Seoul Seonjamdanji, Seoul Hanyang castle and those can be process of change per period. Also, it examine to original view of cultural assets and analysis about lots alteration with landscape alteration. Seongnagwon has original view which constructed the Songseokjeong and pond in 1954. Mapo Choi Sa-Young's old house has original view that move to Sungbook-dong and restore an old house. Seoul Seonjamdanji has it define original view that remained ruins by 1960's development. Seoul Hanyang castle has original view that stone fortress. Seongnagwon's landscape was changed by institutional factors. Mapo Choi Sa-Young house's landscape was changed by society economic factors. Seoul Seonjamdanji was changed by society economic and institutional factors. Seoul Hanyang castle was changed by technical and institutional factors. Generally cultural heritage of Sungbook-dong was changed by institutional and society economic factors. It is guessed that Seoul urban planning influenced Sungbook-dong development. The establishment of capitalistic economy system was backgrounds to it. Therefore, it expect to realized desirable landscape alteration that recognized potential value as culture resources.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.457-466
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• 1999

원자력 발전소 계측 제어 시스템, 의료 관련 시스템, 항공 관련 시스템 등 실생활과 밀접한 시스템에 소프트웨어의 사용이 점차 증가하고 있다. 이러한 시스템에서 소프트웨어의 오류는 예기치 않는 사고를 유발하여 인명, 재산상의 심각한 타격을 줄 수 있다. 그러므로 고신뢰도 소프트웨어의 개발 시에는 반드시 시스템의 안전성을 보장해 주어야 한다. 역방향 안전성 분석 방법은 시스템의 안전성을 분석하는 한가지 방법으로서 시스템의 위험 상태를 정의하고 그 위험의 원인들을 추적, 분석함으로써 안전성에 대한 효율적인 분석을 수행할 수 있는 장점을 갖는다. 이 논문에서는 소프트웨어 개발 초기 단계에서 안전성을 분석할 수 있는 방법으로 Colored Petri Nets(CPN)에 기반을 둔 역방향 안전성 분석 방법을 제시한다. 또한 CPN 역방향 안전성 분석 도구인 SAC(Safety Analyzer for CPN)의 설계 및 구현에 대해 언급한다. SAC은 기존의 상용 CPN 모델링 도구인 Design/CPN과 연계하여 사용될 수 있으므로 CPN으로 모델링된 시스템의 안전성을 분석할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 이 논문에서는 예제로 자동 교통 제어 시스템의 일부를 CPN으로 모델링하고 SAC을 이용한 분석 과정을 기술한다.Abstract In safety-critical systems such as nuclear power plants, medical machines, and avionic systems which are closely related with our livings, the usage of software in the controlling part is growing rapidly. Since software errors in safety-critical systems may cause serious accidents leading to financial or human damages, system safety should be ensured during and after development of a system. A backward safety analysis technique defines system hazards and tries to trace their causes by analyzing system states backward. In this paper, we provide a backward safety analysis technique based on Colored Petri Nets(CPN), which is applicable to the early software development phase. Also Safety Analyzer for CPN(SAC), the supporting tool, is designed and implemented. Since SAC is compatible with Design/CPN, a commercial tool for supporting CPN, it can be applicable to analyze safety in practical problems. As an example, we model a part of the traffic light control system using CPN and analyze safety properties of the model using the SAC tool.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.484-487
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• 2012

A discrimination technique for domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis was developed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF). Mineral content ratios, of a total of 43 species, including P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, were measured among 204 samples. Macro element content ratios and trace element content ratios were determined using the standardless fundamental parameters (SLFP) analysis. Inorganic element ratios of P, S, K, Ca, Cl, Mn, and Fe were significantly different between domestic and imported samples. The result from the canonical discriminant analysis showed that the accuracy of geographical origin discrimination was 95.15%; the correlation coefficient was 0.888. It was concluded that this technique could be used as a useful method in discriminating the geographical origins between domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.465-479
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• 2020

Regardless of the domestic and foreign governments/companies, SOC (Security Operation Center) has operated 24 hours a day for the entire year to ensure the security for their IT infrastructures. However, almost all SOCs have a critical limitation by nature, caused from heavily depending on the manual analysis of human agents with the text-based monitoring architecture. Even though, in order to overcome the drawback, technologies for a comprehensive visualization against complex cyber threats have been studying, most of them are inappropriate for the security monitoring in large-scale networks. In this paper, to solve the problem, we propose a novel visual approach for intuitive threats monitoring b detecting suspicious IP address, which is an ultimate challenge in cyber security monitoring. The approach particularly makes it possible to detect, trace and analysis of suspicious IPs statistically in real-time manner. As a result, the system implemented by the proposed method is suitably applied and utilized to the real-would environment. Moreover, the usability of the approach is verified by successful detecting and analyzing various attack IPs.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.51-69
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• 1993

Precipitable Water(PW) are retrieved over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean from TOVS infrared and microwave channel brightness temperature and OLR observations by means of stepwise linear regression. The retrieved TOVS PW fields generated by PW$_{sfc}$(71.1 % of the variance and 0.62 g cm$^{-2}$ standard error over the surface) and PW$_{700500}$(71.7 % and 0.17 g cm$^{-2}$ over the 700 - 500 hPa layer) revealed more evolving synoptic signals over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean. The PW$_{sfc}$ dose not show significantly the TP feature because of the representation of the lower PW for high-level clouds not associated with deep convection. There exists some elusion to trace the TP on the PW$_{sfc}$ field if any supplementary information does not provide. But ECMWF analysis has a general tendency of drying the subtropics and moistening the ITCZ (InterTropical Convergence Zone) and SPCZ(South Pacific Convergence Zone). However, although ECMWF analysis is fairly successful in capturing mean patterms, it is unsuccessful in following active synoptic signal like a tropical plume. Similarly, SMMR-PW does not represent the TP well which consists of the highand middle-level clouds, but PW$_{sfc}$ shows underestimated moistness of TP and does not depict significant signal of TP. In the PW field derived from microwave observations, the TP can not be recognized well. Furthermore, the signature of PW$_{sfc}$ was different from OLR for the TP, which implies the presence of high- and middle-layer thin clouds, but in a closer agreement for deep and active convection areas which contain thick middle- and lower-layer clouds; though OLR represented the cloudiness in the tropics well. In synoptically active regions, it differed from OLR analysis, primarily bacause of actual differences in water vapor and cloud features. The signature of PW$_{sfc}$ was different from OLR for the TP.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2022

The frequent detection and occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems has raised public health concerns worldwide. In this study, the behavior of 50 MPs was investigated in three different domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the geographical and seasonal variation of MPs in the WWTPs. The results showed that the concentrations of 43 MPs ranged from less than 0.1 to 237.6 ㎍ L^-1, while other seven MPs including 17-ethynylestradiol, 17-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, clofibric acid, simvastatin, and lovastatin were not detected in all WWTPs. Among the detected MPs, the pharmaceuticals such as metformin, acetaminophen, naproxen, and caffeine were prominent with maximum concentrations of 133.4, 237.6, 71.5, and 107.7 ㎍ L^-1, respectively. Most perfluorinated compounds and nitrosamines were found at trace levels of 1.2 to 55.3 ng L^-1, while the concentration of corrosion inhibitors, preservatives (parabens), and endocrine disruptors ranged from less than 0.1 to 4310.8 ng L^-1. Regardless of the type of biological treatment process such as MLE, A2O, and MBR, the majority of pharmaceuticals (except lincomycin, diclofenac, iopromide, and carbamazepine), parabens (except Methyl paraben), and endocrine disruptors were removed by more than 80%. However, the removal efficiencies of certain MPs such as atrazine, DEET, perfluorinated compounds (except PFHxA), nitrosamines, and corrosion inhibitors were relatively low or their concentration even increased after treatment. The results of statistical analysis reveal that there is no significant geographical difference in the removal efficacy of MPs, but there are temporal seasonal variations in all WWTPs.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.343-352
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• 2024

Composition analysis and lead isotope ratio analysis were conducted to determine the coloring machanism on lead glaze used in Gyeongbokgung Palace and the provenance of the lead used as a flux. 31 blue tiles were classified into green, blue, and yellow. The chemical analysis of lead glazes on the blue tiles revealed that Pb, Si, and Cu were the main components, and trace amounts of Fe, Ca, Mg, and Al were detected. The Cu content was high in blue lead glaze, while Cu was not detected in yellow or brown lead glaze which instead had high Fe content. Therefore, it was found that lead was used as a flux and copper oxide as a coloring agent in the production of lead glaze. In addition, the lead isotope ratios of the lead glaze used in the blue tiles of Gyeongbokgung palace were plotted in zone 3 on the distribution map of lead isotope ratios on the Korean Peninsula, which includes Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do. It is presumed that the flux for the lead glaze was sourced from galena found in these regions. The lead isotope ratios of the green glaze from the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla period were mostly located outside the Korean Peninsula, showing that the provenance of lead had changed. In particular, the lead isotope ratios of the green glaze from the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla period suggest exchange with neighboring countries. Also the lead isotope ratios of the green glazes from the same temple are different, so it is believed that they were made at different times or in different workshops.