• Title/Summary/Keyword: toxic

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Studies on the Selective Toxicity of Insecticides for Rice Insect Pests between Some Dominant Rice Insect Pests and a Predatious Spider, Pirata subpiraticus (수도주요해충 및 포식성천적 황산적거미에 대한 살충제의 선택독성에 관한 연구)

  • Yoo J.K.;Kwon Y.W.;Park H.M.;Lee H.R.
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.23 no.3 s.60
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    • pp.166-171
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    • 1984
  • The present studies were conducted to investigate the relative toxicity of several insecticides to the rice insect pests and the predatious spider, Pirate subpiraticus. In laboratory test by topical application, BPMC and MIPC for the plant and leafhoppers were toxic to Nilaparvata lugens, but less toxic to Pirata subpiraticus. Other carbamate insecticides such as carbaryl, carbofuran, and MTMC showed highly toxic effect on P. subpiraticus as well as N. lugens. No organophosphates showed selective toxicity to P. subpiraticus. Thiocyclam, effective to Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens, had highly good selective toxicity to P. subpiraticus. In case of insecticides for Nephotettix cincticeps, BPMC only had a little selective toxicity between N. cincticeps and P. subpiraticus. Organophosphate insecticides which had been reported to induce chemical resistance to N. cincticeps showed high $LD_{50}$ value to N. cincticeps. In pot trials, dust formulation was more toxic to P. subpiraticus than emulsifiable concentrate. It was more toxic to P. subpiraticus to increase number. of insecticide application.

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A Study on Toxicity Bio-markers of a Mouse using Combustion Gas SO2 generated from Fire (마우스(mouse)를 이용한 건축물 마감재료 연소가스 SO2의 독성생체지표 연구)

  • Rie, Dong-Ho;Cho, Nam-Wook;Choi, Soon-Young
    • Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.43-51
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to observe the impacts of a mouse's inhalation of toxic gas SO2 generated from combustion on its organs by different concentrations. As for research methods: First, after concentrations of SO2 generation from combustion had been set to three: low (10.4 ppm), middle (24.9 ppm) and high (122 ppm) through Gas Toxicity Testing Method (KS F 2271) and SO2 combustion gas was exposed to eight mice in each concentration. Five mice that were able to move based on LD50, a criterion, which sets the down time of a mouse's average behaviors to over 9 minutes, were randomly selected in each concentration, and they were set up as the subjects of the study on toxicity bio-markers. Second, tissues were taken from heart, liver, lungs, spleen and the thymus gland of the mice selected in each concentration and a pathological examination of them was carried out. As a result, microvascular congestion appeared in the heart, and cell necrosis, cortex congestion and tubule medulla congestion, etc. in each concentration were observed in addition to vascular congestion in liver, lungs, spleen and the thymus gland. Also, it was found that the higher the concentrations of SO2 exposure is, the greater, the changes in the organs get. Through this study, SO2 of various toxic gases generated from fire turned out to affect the tissues of each organ of a mouse, it is expected that the toxic gases may greatly affect human body in case of actual fire, and this study is evaluated as having a significance as a basic data on inhalation toxicity assessment of toxic substances generated in combustion.

Consequence Analysis of Toxic Gases Generated by Fire of Lithium Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles (전기자동차 내 리튬이온전지 화재로 발생하는 독성가스의 위험성 분석)

  • Oh, Eui-young;Min, Dong Seok;Han, Ji Yun;Jung, Seungho;Kang, Tae-sun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.54-61
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    • 2019
  • As the market for portable electronic devices expands, the demand for Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) is also increasing. LIB has higher efficiency than other secondary batteries, but there is a risk of explosion / fire due to thermal runaway reaction. Especially, Electric Vehicles (EV) equipped with a large capacity LIB cell also has a danger due to a large amount of toxic gas generated by a fire. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the risk of toxic gas generated by EV fire to minimize accident damage. In this study, the flow of toxic gas generated by EV fire was numerically analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamic. Scenarios were established based on literature data and EV data to confirm the effect distance according to time and exposure standard. The purpose of this study is to analyze the risk of toxic gas caused by EV fire and to help minimize the loss of life and property caused by accidents.

Development of Real-time PCR Assay Based on Hydrolysis Probe for Detection of Epichloë spp. and Toxic Alkaloid Synthesis Genes

  • Lee, Ki-Won;Woo, Jae Hoon;Song, Yowook;Rahman, Md Atikur;Lee, Sang-Hoon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.201-207
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    • 2022
  • Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method's advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

Study on the Prioritization of Management for Each Toxic Chemical Substance in Ansan Smart Hub. (안산스마트허브 유해화학물질별 관리우선순위 선정에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Bong Seok;Sa, Jae-Hwan;Kim, Min Wook;Jeon, Eui Chan
    • Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.12-17
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    • 2014
  • With a rapid growth of domestic industry in korea, now about 25,000 kinds of chemicals are being distributed, and it has been known that just about 15% of them has toxic substances. Recently, South Koreans have an anxiety about the stability and accidents of chemicals because chemical accidents like Gumi hydrofluoric acid accident have occurred. The U.S. has adopted the systems like EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act), TRI (Toxic Release Inventory) and TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act), and is also managing the hazardous chemicals by providing the information about them to its people and site workers. Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare also has adopted J-CHECK system and is implementing it to let Japanese people know the information of safety of chemicals about REACH. However, the Korean government has a difficult situation to mediate the different idea with the Korean industry to make lower statute of Pre-legislation registration & evaluation of chemicals that will be implemented and Chemical Material Control Association that is being implemented. Especially city and country areas located in the industrial areas need political improvement focusing on vulnerable area through the check about current situation of hazardous chemicals of jurisdiction and management method, but the information about the management situation of small scale work places is insufficient. Therefore this study set up the urgent management area in Ansan Smart Hub through NFPA code according to the types of accident and dander characteristics of each chemical being used in the companies that have less than 50 workers and deal with chemicals located in Ansan Smart Hub in Gyeonggi-do.

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Cosmetic Materials to Mouse Fibroblast : by Tetrazolium salt, MTT Colorimetric Assay (Tetrazolium salt, MTT Colorimetric Assay를 이용한 Mouse Fibroblast에 대한 화장품원료 물질의 세포독성 평가)

  • Jo, Jae- Hoon
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.37-50
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    • 1989
  • The in Vitro chemosensitivity of fibroblast cell strains was determined using a semiautomated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay(MTT assay) to 16 cosmetic materials. This assay is useful method to evaluate toxic effects of the chemicals. From assay results, we determined that the preservatives are more toxic than moisteurizers. The chemicals in the same group have a different toxicity. That is, in preservatives, Germall -115 is more toxic than Danisol -M, -p, and in surfactant sodium laurel sulfate than Myrj 52, and in moisteurizers, 1, 3-butylene glycol is more safe than the others. When the results from this assay for preservatives were compared with patch test results, good correlation was observed. Forthemore, this assay method can be used together with Patch test for the evaluation of the chemical toxicity, particularly in cosmetic field.

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Sensing properties of ZnO thin films fabricated by RF sputtering method for toxic gas (RF sputtering 방법을 이용하여 제작한 ZnO 박막의 유독성 가스에 대한 반응 특성 연구)

  • Hwang, Hyun-Suk;Kang, Hyun-Il;Song, Joon-Tae
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2009.06a
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    • pp.247-247
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    • 2009
  • In this work, Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin films for toxic gas sensor application were deposited on low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrates, by RF magnetron sputtering method. LTCC is one of promising materials for integration with heater, low cost production and high manufacturing yields than silicon substrate. The LTCC substrates with thickness of $400\;{\mu}m$ were fabricated by laminating 12 greentapes which consist of alumina and glass particle in an organic binder. The GZO thin films deposited on the substrates and were analyzed by X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The films are well crystallized in the hexagonal (wurzite) structure with increasing thickness. The fabricated sensors showed good sensitivity and fast response time to common types of toxic gases (NOx, COx).

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Anti-oxidative Effects of Dendrobii Herba on Toxic Agent Induced Kidney Cell Injury (석곡(石斛)의 항산화 효과)

  • Kim, Young-Gyun;Yang, Gi-Ho;Cho, Su-In
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.53-60
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    • 2005
  • Objectives : This study was carried out to determine if Dendrobii Herba have protective effect against cell injury induced by various toxic agents in rat kidney slices. Water(DWe) and methanol(DMe) extracts were prepared for this experiment. Methods : Cell injury was estimated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase(LDH). Lipid peroxidation was examined by measuring malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation. Results : DMe prevented the LDH release by $CCl_4$, menadione, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and mercury treatment in vitro in kidney slices, but DWe prevented the LDH release by $CCl_4$ and mercury. DMe also prevented reduction in GSH and lipid peroxidation induced by $CCl_4$ and mercury. Conclusion : Thus, DMe may have more powerful efficacy on anti-oxidative effects when compared with DWe. And further studies have to be followed concerned with extraction of Dendrobii Herba and its change of effects.

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Diagnostic Assay of Toxic Zinc in an Ex Vivo Cell Using Voltammetry

  • Ly, Suw-Young;Yoo, Hai-Soo
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.123-127
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    • 2012
  • Voltammetric detection of the toxic Zn ion was investigated using a fluorine-doped graphite pencil electrode (FPE). It is notable from the study that pencils were used as reference and working electrodes. In all the experiments, a clean seawater electrolyte solution was used to yield good results. The analytical working range was attained to 10 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$. The optimized voltammetric condition was examined to maximize the effect of the detection of trace Zn. The developed sensor was applied to an earthworm's tissue cell. It was found that the methods can be applicable to in vivo fluid or agriculture soil and plant science.

Toxicological Profiles of Poisonous, Edible, and Medicinal Mushrooms

  • Jo, Woo-Sik;Hossain, Md. Akil;Park, Seung-Chun
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.215-220
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    • 2014
  • Mushrooms are a recognized component of the human diet, with versatile medicinal properties. Some mushrooms are popular worldwide for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, some species are dangerous because they cause toxicity. There are many reports explaining the medicinal and/or toxic effects of these fungal species. Cases of serious human poisoning generally caused by the improper identification of toxic mushroom species are reported every year. Different substances responsible for the fatal signs and symptoms of mushroom toxicity have been identified from various poisonous mushrooms. Toxicity studies of mushroom species have demonstrated that mushroom poisoning can cause adverse effects such as liver failure, bradycardia, chest pain, seizures, gastroenteritis, intestinal fibrosis, renal failure, erythromelalgia, and rhabdomyolysis. Correct categorization and better understanding are essential for the safe and healthy consumption of mushrooms as functional foods as well as for their medicinal use.