• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.192-199
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• 2021

Alpine glaciers harbor a large quantity of bio-labile dissolved organic matter (DOM), which plays a pivotal role in global carbon cycling as glacial-fed streams are headwaters of numerous large rivers. To understand the complexity, origin, and fate of DOM in glaciers and downstream-linked streams and lakes, we elucidated the molecular composition of DOM in two different Tibetan Plateau glaciers, eight glacial-fed streams and five lakes, using an ultrahigh-resolution 15 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The compositional changes of the DOM samples revealed that glacier DOM mostly exhibited sulfur-containing organic compounds (CHOS species). We also found that aliphatic formulae contributed more than 50% of the total abundance of assigned molecules in glacier samples, and those compounds were significantly related to CHOS species. The CHO proportions of glacial-fed streams and lakes samples increased with increasing distance from glacial terminals. The relative contribution of terrestrial-derived organics (i.e., lignins and tannins) declined while microbial-originated organics (aliphatics) increased with increasing elevation. This suggested the gradual input of allochthonous materials from non-glacial environment and the degradation of microbe-derived compounds along lower elevations. Alpine glaciers are retreating as a result of climate change and they nourished numerous streams, rivers, and downstream-linked lakes. Therefore, the interpretations of the detailed molecular changes in glacier ice, glacial-fed streams, and alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau could provide broad insights for understanding the biogeochemical cycling of glacial DOM and assessing how the nature of DOM impacts fluvial ecosystems.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1146-1156
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two plant additives, rich in polyphenolic compounds, supplemented to sheep diets on microorganisms and carbohydrate fermentation in rumen. Methods: In the experiment, 6 ewes of the Polish Mountain breed were fitted with ruminal cannulas. Sheep were divided into three feeding groups. The study was performed in a cross-over design of two animals in each group, with three experimental periods (n = 6 per each group). The animals were fed a control diet (CON) or additionally received 3 g of dry and milled lingonberry leaves (VVI) or oak bark (QUE). Additionally, plant material was analyzed for tannins concentration. Results: Regardless of sampling time, QUE diet increased the number of total protozoa, as well as Entodinium spp., Diplodinium spp. and Isotrichidae family, while decreased bacterial mass. In turn, a reduced number of Diplodinium spp. and increased Ophryoscolex spp. population were noted in VVI fed sheep. During whole sampling time (0, 2, 4, and 8 h), the number of protozoa in ruminal fluid of QUE sheep was gradually reduced as opposed to animals receiving CON and VVI diet, where rapid shifts in the protozoa number were observed. Moreover, supplementing sheep with QUE diet increased molar proportions of butyrate and isoacids in ruminal fluid. Unfortunately, none of the tested additives affected gas production. Conclusion: The addition of VVI or QUE in a small dose to sheep diets differently affected rumen microorganisms and fermentation parameters, probably because of various contribution of catechins in tested plant materials. However, it is stated that QUE diet seems to create more favorable conditions for growth and development of ciliates. Nonetheless, the results of the present study showed that VVI and QUE additives could serve as potential natural modulators of microorganism populations and, consequently, carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.594-602
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• 2021

Objective: An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dragon fruit peel pellet (DFPP) as a rumen enhancer of dry matter consumption, nutrient digestibilities, ruminal ecology, microbial protein synthesis and rumimal methane production in Holstein crossbred bulls. Methods: Four animals, with an average live-weight of 200±20 kg were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the influence of DFPP supplementation. There were four different dietary treatments: without DFPP, and with 200, 300, and 400 g/h/d, respectively. Results: Results revealed that dry matter consumption of total intake, rice straw and concentrate were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). It was also found that ruminal pH was not different among treatments (p>0.05), whilst protozoal group was reduced when DFPP increased (p<0.01). Blood urea nitrogen and NH3-N concentrations were increased at 400 g of DFPP supplementation (p<0.01). Additionally, volatile fatty acid production of propionate was significantly enhanced by the DFPP supplementation (p<0.05), while production of methane was consequently decreased (p<0.05). Furthermore, microbial protein synthesis and urinary purine derivatives were remarkably increased especially at 400 g of DFPP supplementation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Plant secondary compounds or phytonutrients (PTN) containing saponins (SP) and condensed tannins (CT) have been reported to influence rumen fermentation. DFPP contains both CT and SP as a PTN. The addition of 400 g of DFPP resulted in improved rumen fermentation end-products especially propionate (C3) and microbial protein synthesis. Therefore, DFPP is a promising rumen enhancer and indicated a significant potential of DFPP as feedstuff for ruminant feed to mitigate rumen methane production.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.338-352
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• 2022

Herein, water and ethanol extracts were obtained from the leaves, branches, kernels, and pericarp of Quercus gilva and subsequently analyzed for antioxidant activity and circadian rhythm regulation effects. Candidate components that may affect circadian rhythm and antioxidant activity were investigated to discover potential functional materials. Antioxidant activity was analyzed via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity assays, showing that the hot water extract exhibited higher activity than that of the ethanol extract. In particular, the branch extract showed high antioxidant activity. By measuring total contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, the hot water branch extract showed the highest concentrations, highlighting their significant contribution to the antioxidant activity. Examination of the circadian rhythm regulation of each extract showed that the ethanol extract exhibited greater impacts on the circadian rhythm amplitude compared to the water extract. The branch ethanol extract induced circadian rhythm amplitude changes via clock gene Bmal1 expression regulation. Determination of 12 phenolic compound concentrations showed that the branch ethanol extract contained many phenolic compounds, including catechin. This suggests that these com- pounds affected circadian rhythm regulation. In conclusion, the hot water branch extract has potential as an natural antioxidant material, while the corresponding ethanol extract has potential as a functional material for regulating circadian rhythm.

• 생약학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2022

This study was conducted to verify the availability of immature persimmon ethanol extract (IPEE) as a natural and functional ingredient in protecting inflammation and allergy of skin based on the mechanism. The major content analysis, antioxidant activities, anti-allergic activity, anti-inflammatory effect, and safety related to irritation of IPEE were evaluated. The gallic acid content per 10 mg/mL of IPEE was 0.522% (5.22 mg/g). The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 428.3 mg/g and 31.1 mg/g, respectively. In ABTS+ activity, DPPH ability and SOD-like activity, it showed a concentration-dependent increase, which indicated IPEE has excellent antioxidant activities. As for the anti-allergy test in RBL-2H3 cells, the IPEE showed a decrease in β-hexosaminidase secretion as the concentration increases, and IPEE tended to decrease IL-4 secretion in all RBL-2H3 cells compared to the IgE + HSA group. IPEE showed good anti-inflammatory effect in RAW 264.7 cells by decrease of NO production and inflammation cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). Also IPEE showed non-irritant in BCOP assay. By the results of this study, the IPEE containing high tannins, had good antioxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-inflammatory effects, which indicated that the immature persimmon is considered to be a useful for the development of related functional ingredients.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.305-305
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• 2022

In this study, 139 Korean landrace sorghum germplasms collected in 10 different Korean regions were analyzed for tannin, total phenolic contents(TPC), and antioxidant activities using three assays including ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP. The Korean landrace sorghums showed significant variations of metabolite contents and antioxidant activities by collection regions. Gyeonggi sorghum had the highest tannin and TPC contents with 273.73%, 7.395mgGAE/g, respectively. Therefore, three assays of antioxidant activities of Gyeonggi sorghum, which is highly related to tannin and TPC, were also significantly higher than others. However, Gyeongnam sorghums showed the lowest tannin and TPC with 148.34% and 3.482mgGAE/g, thus, three antioxidnat activities showed the lowest levels. Three accessions(IT322580, IT340261 and IT329053) had the highest tannin levels over 400%, but, two accessions (IT322613, IT270366) showed less than 1% of tannin content. Four accessions (IT270349, IT286448, IT331878, and IT251882) showed the highest level of TPC over 9mgGAE/g. In this study, antioxidant activities with three assays were strongly related to tannins and TPC, and TPC showed higher significance than tannin with all three antioxidant activities. The germplasms with the highest overall antioxidant activity were IT270349, IT340261, and IT286448, which had the highest levels of tannin and TPC. The principal component analysis presented that 2 sub-populations were divided. Gyeonggi and Gangwon Yeongseo sorghums, which had high metabolite contents and antioxidant activity levels, were mainly included in group 1. Gyeongnam and Jeonnam sorghums, which had low metabolite and antioxidant activity levels, were mainly included in group 2. This results could contribute to discover breeding metarials for the development of functional sorghum varieties.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.991-998
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 아로니아의 활용성 확대와 기능성 연구의 일환으로 아로니아 와인으로 초산발효를 진행하여 항산화 활성을 확인하였다. 아로니아 와인의 초기 알코올 함량을 달리하여 30℃에서 30일 동안 초산발효를 진행한 결과, 초기 알코올 함량을 6%로 조절하는 것이 4.1%의 초산을 생성하여 가장 적합하였다. 이후 6%로 초기 알코올 함량을 조정하여 초산발효를 진행한 결과, 총폴리페놀함량은 초산발효가 진행됨에 따라 감소하였으며, 대조구인 현미식초보다는 높았으나 포도식초의 보다는 함량이 낮은 것을 확인되었다. 플라보노이드와 탄닌 함량은 초산발효가 진행됨에 따라 감소하는 패턴을 보였으나, 대조구인 현미식초와 포도식초보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 발효의 진행과 관계없이 모든 시험구에서 95.7% 이상으로 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 아로니아 식초를 제조할 경우 항산화 활성이 우수한 식초의 제품 개발이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.211-219
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• 2004

주목은 국내의 경기도 일대에서 약용, 식용, 관상수로써 재배한 것을 선정하였다. 주목의 250g의 잎과 300g의 줄기추출물은 부틸렌글리콜(BG), 프로필렌글리콜(PG)과 물을 사용하여 추출한 결과, 주목의 잎 주출물의 성상은 연한 갈색의 맑은 액으로, pH는 5.3$\pm$0.5, 비중은 1.012$\pm$0.05, 굴절율은 1.375$\pm$0.05이었다. 또한, 줄기 추출물의 성상은 연한 갈색의 맑은 액이었으며, pH는 5.4$\pm$0.5, 비중은 1.016$\pm$0.05, 굴절율 1.358$\pm$0.05이었다. 주목의 씨앗으로부터 오일을 분리하였고, 과육으로부터 폴리사카라이드를 고정제 추출하였다. 주목의 씨앗으로부터 얻어진 오일의 비중은 0.987, 40$\pm$5%의 수율을 얻을 수 있었다 주목추출물의 총 폴리페놀량은 잎에서는 0.563%, 줄기에서는 0.325%가 검출된 반면, 총 탄닌량은 잎과 줄기에서 각각 0.054%와 0.037%를 함유하였다. 화장품에서의 효능으로써 DPPH 방법에 의한 항 산화효과는 잎에서는 75.0%, 줄기에서는 64.0%였다. 파이브로블레스트에 의한 콜라겐 합성율은 줄기추출물은 54.16%, 잎 추출물은 33.18%로 비교적 높은 활성을 보였다. 또한, PPE-inhibiton의 활성은 잎과 줄기에서 각각 13.7%와 23.5%였다. 주목씨앗 오일의 항 염증 효과는 대조군보다 41%의 우수한 효과를 나타내었다. 과육으로부터 얻어진 polysaccharide의 분자량은 5${\times}$$10^4$-3${\times}$$10^{5}$ dalton이었으며, 20.0$\pm$5%의 수율을 얻었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.80-98
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• 2002

주목(朱木)은 국내의 경기도 일대에서 약용, 식용, 관상수로써 재배한 것을 선정하였다. 주목의 250g의 잎과 300g의 줄기추출물은 butylene glycol (BG), Propylene glycol (PG)과 물을 사용하여 추출한 결과, 주목의 잎 추출물의 성상은 연한 갈색의 맑은 액으로, pH는 5.3$\pm$0.5, 비중은 1.012$\pm$0.05, 굴절율은 1.395$\pm$0.05이었다. 또한, 줄기 추출물의 성상은 연한 갈색의 맑은 액이 었으며, pH는 5.4$\pm$0.5, 비중은 1.012$\pm$0.05, 굴절율은 1.39$\pm$0.05이었다. 주목의 씨앗으로부터 오일을 분리하였고, 과육으로부터 polysaccharide를 고정제 추출하였다. 주목의 씨앗으로부터 얻어진 오일의 비중은 0.922$\pm$0.05, 27$\pm$0.5%의 수율을 얻을 수 있었다. 과육으로부터 얻어진 polysaccharide의 분자량은 50,000~300,000 dayton의 범위이며, 5$\pm$1.2%의 수율을 얻었다. 주목추출물의 총 polyphenols량은 잎에서는 0.563%, 줄기에서는 0.325%가 검출된 반면, 총 tannins량은 줄기와 잎에서 각각 0.054%와 0.037%를 함유하였다. 화장품에서의 효능으로써 DPPH 방법에 의한 항산화 효과는 잎에서는 75.0%, 줄기에서는 64.0%였다. Fibroblast에 의한 콜라겐 합성율은 줄기추출물은 54.16%, 잎추출물은 33.18%로 비교적 높은 활성을 보였다. 또한 PPE-inhibitors의 활성은 잎과 줄기에서 각각 13.7%와 23.5%였다. 주목씨앗 오일의 항염증 효과는 대조군인 1%의 감초추출물 24%보다 41%의 활성으로 우수한 효과를 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2005

The possibility of using Moringa oleifera as a ruminant protein supplement was investigated by comparison between nutritive and anti-nutritive value of its different morphological parts with that of conventionally used Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LL). Parameters determined were chemical composition, rumen degradable protein (RDP), acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP), pepsin soluble protein (PESP), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) total soluble protein (TSP) and protein potentially digested in the intestine (PDI). Total phenols (TP) and total extractable tannins (TET) were also evaluated as anti-nutritive factors. In vitro gas production characteristics were measured and organic matter digestibility (OMD) was estimated basing on 24 h-gas production. Crude protein content ranged from 265-308 g/kg DM in M. oleifera leaves (MOL) and seed cake (MOC) respectively. Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera soft twigs and leaves (MOLSTL) had CP content of 236 and 195 g/kg DM while Moringa oleifera soft twigs alone (MOST) and Moringa oleifera bucks (MOB) had 160, 114 and 69.3 g/kg DM respectively. RDP was highest in (MOC) (181 g/kg DM) followed by (MOL) (177 g/kg DM) and was lowest in MOB (40 g/kg DM). The proportion of the protein that was not available to the animal (ADIP) was (p<0.05) higher in MOL and MOC (72 and 73 g/kg DM) respectively and lowest in LL (29 g/kg DM). The PDI was high in LL (74 g/kg DM) followed by MOC (55 g/kg DM) then MOL (16 g/kg DM). PESP was highest (p<0.05) in MOC followed by MOL then LL (273, 200 and 163 g/kg DM respectively). MOC exhibited highest NPN content (116 g/kg DM) and was lowest in MOB (18 g/kg DM) (p<0.05). Highly (p<0.05) TSP was observed in MOC and MOL (308 and 265 g/kg DM respectively) followed by LL (236 g/kg DM). MOL had negligible TET (20 g/kg DM) when compared with about 70 g/kg DM in LL. Highly (p<0.05) b and a+b values were observed for MOLSTL (602 and 691 g/kg DM respectively) followed by MOL (490 and 538 g/kg DM). Highest c value was observed in MOSTL followed by MOC and MOL (0.064, 0.056 and 0.053 rate/hour) respectively. OMD was highest (p<0.05) for MOSTL followed by MOC and then MOL (579, 579 and 562 g/kg DM respectively). LL exhibited lower (p<0.05) OMD (467 g/kg DM). It was concluded from this study that the high crude protein content in MOL and MOLST could be well utilized by ruminant animals and increase animal performance however, high proportion of unavailable protein to the lower gut of animals and high rumen degradable protein due to negligible tannin content render it a relatively poor protein supplement for ruminants. MOC can be a best alternative protein supplement to leaves and leaves and soft twigs for ruminants.