• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.454-465
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in asbestos exposure among asbestos-handling industries from 2000 to 2005. Methods: The data included the number of industries and workers exposed, concentrations of asbestos and the amount exceeded, and the type and size of industry by year. These data were collected by 46 regional employment and labor offices in Korea using work environment monitoring reports. A total of 1,481 samples from 284 industries were extracted from the reports and were analyzed with no data modification. Results: The means of asbestos concentration decreased from $0.84f/cm^3$ to $0.03f/cm^3$ during the period 2000-2005. Among the total of 1,481 samples, 11 samples(0.7%) exceeded the KOEL, and 178 samples(12.0%) were ACGIH TLV. The insulating paper product manufacturing industry was found to have the highest level of asbestos, followed by the fireproofing manufacturing industry, brake lining products manufacturing industry, commutator products manufacturing industries, and construction materials manufacturing industry. The number of asbestos handling industries decreased from 48 industries with 1,155 employees to 37 industries during the period of 2000 to 2005, but the number of asbestos workers expanded to the point that 1,182 employees could be found in 2005. Conclusion: Based on these results, the strengthening of the KOEL and new regulations turned out to help reduce asbestos exposure levels. This study recommends that retrospective exposure to asbestos based on various industry types should be assessed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.20 no.43
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• pp.175-195
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• 1997

The learning curve has an important effect the growth of corporation. But, in Korea, the study and inference on the learning rate of each industry are unprepared, and so, Korean industires have difficult in productivity and cost. At this point, this study infers the learning rate of the oil industries and investigates the productivity and growth of them. In conclusion, this study presents the direction of the oil industries' development. With the intention of this objects, this study seizes the status which is concerned the total quantity, the operating rate, the plant capacity, the indicators concerning productivity, the investment of R & D and the scales, and then, infers and verifies the relevancy in connection with the learning rate. In the oil industry, the average rate of learning is 65.96% from 1982 to 1994 which the total quantity and the average operation time are used to infer the rate. To observe the low rate within a same period of time, this study takes the consequences that the learning rate is almost indentical with them each year. This steady state is caused by a difference between the employee and the decision maker about the acquirement and assimiliated of technology. When the high-quality technologies posses the environment to applicate in the scene of labor with them, this technology applies to the productivities. As the learning rate increases, the productivity has more effectiveness. The result of analysis about the effectiveness of the learning rate follows that the R & D unfoldes to exist and does not contribute to the growth of the oil industry. To analyze the variables of the growth, such as the learning rate, the investement of R & D, the operating rate and the gross value added to property, plant and equipment, the model is established and examined. The business strategy in the oil industry must be developed to achive the internal growth as well as the external.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.6 s.112
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• pp.465-470
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• 2006

Nowadays, vessel's size is tending to bigger, Therefore port facilities are developed according to this trend, which has been shown in the competition of Hub-Port among the main ports such as Port of Busan and Port of Shanghai. However there are the limited number of large containerships more specifically so 70% of the total ships calling at Busan Port are small and medium sized ships which are less than 20,000 ton As a result, it is necessary to consider the handling facilities of these ships which had been disregarded The big size of facilities increases handling cost bemuse of high investment so it is possible for small and medium sized ships to have disadvantages financially and avoid calling. In this paper, we estimate the propriety of utilization of crane and labor according to the size of vessels after analyzing time value cost, reflecting the size of vessels, size and number of crane and labor structure, and container handling cost value.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.129-155
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• 2000

This empirical study, activity-based costing, a newly introduced approach that has proved to be an improvement over the conventional costing system in product or service costing, is applied at department of clinical pathology in K university hospital. The study subjects were 233 test procedures done in clinical laboratory of K university hospital. Activity analysis was done by interview, questionnaires, and time study, and the amount of resources consumed by each activity and their costs are then traced and applied to the laboratory tests. The main purpose of this study were to compare the test costs of activity-bases costing with those of conventional costing, and test fees of medical insurance, and to provide accurate cost informations for the decision makers of hospital. The major findings of this study were as belows. 1. The cost drivers for application of activity-based costing at clinical laboratory were cases of sample collection, case of specimen, cases of test, and volume-related allocation bases such as direct labor hours and total revenue of each test. 2. The profits of each clinical laboratory fields analyzed by conventional costing were different from the profits analyzed by activity-based costing, especially in the field of Urinalysis(approximately over estimated 750%). 3. The standard full costs by conventional costing were quite different from the costs computed by using activity-based costing, and the difference is most significant with the tests of long labor time. 4. From the comparison between costs computed by using activity-based costing and medical insurance fees, some test fees were significantly lower than the costs, especially in the non-automated fields. As described in this study, activity-based costing provides more accurate cost information than does conventional costing system. The former approach is especially important in the health care industry including hospitals in which planning and controlling the costs services provided are the key to maintaining a healthy financial status for the organization. Despite the contribution of activity-based costing the economic as well as technical feasibilities of implementing such a cost accounting system in an organization must be evaluated. In the development of activity-based costing systems, an activity analysis has to be conducted to identify activities that consume resources. This involves a detailed study of the organization's logistics and accounting information systems, and it is an expensive project in itself. Besides, it can be quite difficult and time consuming to identify and trace resource consumption to a specific activity. Thus the activity-based costing system should be implemented only when the decrease in cost of error far exceeds the increase in cost of measurement. By combining activity-based costing with standard costing, health care administrators can better plan and control the costs of health services provided while ensuring that the organization's bottom line is healthy.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.372-372
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• 2021

The agriculture sector plays a vital role in the economy of Pakistan by contributing about 20% of the GDP and 42% of the labor force. Rivers from the top of Himalayas are the major water resources for this agriculture sector. Recent reports have found that Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable country to climate change that can cause water scarcity which is a big challenge to the communities. Previous studies have investigated the impact of climate change on the trend of streamflow, but the understanding of seasonal change in the regional hydrologic regimes remained limited. Therefore, a better understanding of the seasonal hydrologic change will help cope with the future water scarcity issue. In this study, we used the daily stream flow data for four major river basins of Pakistan (Chenab, Indus, Jhelum and Kabul) over 1962 - 2019. Utilizing these daily river discharge data, we calculated the winter-spring center time and the summer-autumn center times. In this study Winter-spring center time (WSCT) is defined as the day of the calendar year during which half of the total six months (Jan-Jun) discharge volume was exceeded. Results show that the four river basins experienced a statistically significant decreasing trend of WSCT, that is the center time keeps coming earlier compared to the past. We further used the Climate Research Unit (CRU) climate data comprising of the average temperature and precipitation for the four basins and found that the increasing average temperature value causes the early melting of the snow covers and glaciers that resulted in the decreasing of 1^st center time value by 4 to 8 days. The findings of this study informs an alarming situation for the agriculture sector specifically.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.375-403
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• 2005

This Study reviews theoretical argument about the effect of retirement earnings test on the labor supply of the aged which is controversial issue in OECD countries and analyze the effect on the incidence of re-employment, re-employment period of suspended officials and the possibility of re-retirement through Government Employment Pension Corporation data. It consists of 178,363 public officials who received pension benefit or disability pension in January 2005. The main result of this research shows that public officials re-employed were 8,086 which is 4.5% of total retired, and median survival time of suspended pension payments is 3.3 years. Also the median re-employment period of 100% suspended officials is about 20 month shorter than that of 1/2 suspended officials and it is shown in regression analysis that the possibility of re-retirement by 100% suspended officials is statistically significant higher than those of 50%. It specially expects greater influence if includes in case taking lump-sum or no making effect of re-employment because current system withhold pension payments even by earned income itself. Therefore, this analysis suggests suspension of pension payment properly applied according to the age and income together with "Delayed Retirement Credit" or "Partial Pension" for developmental alternatives of civil servant's suspension of pension payments. Furthermore, It is urgently needed that distinctive quality data about re-employment including earnings to perform deep-empirical research for effective policy. Lastly, it is extremely necessary to reinforce management system of Government Employment Pension Corporation.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.164-170
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• 2001

Authors studied on the applicability of image analysis technique using a scanner with a CCD (charged coupled deviced) to the evaluation of evenness of nonwovens because it has distinctive features to considerably save time and labor in the analysis compared with other classical methods. As specimens fur the experiment, two different types that are unpatterned and patterned ones were prepared. For the unpatterned specimen, webs were chemically bonded, while for the patterned specimen, webs being thermally calendered with engraved roller. Several webs having various areal densities were prepared and bonded. Coefficient of variation (CV%) was used as a parameter to evaluate the evenness. Scanning conditions could be suitably set up through comparing the total variance to the between-group variance and to the within-group variance, respectively, on the images scanned at the different conditions. The 2D convolution method with smoothing filter kernel was introduced to further filter the noises on the scanned images. After the filtering process, the increase of web areal densities gave an uniform decrease of the CV%. This showed that the scanned image analysis with proper filtering process could be successfully applicable to the evaluation of evenness in nonwovens.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2015

Purpose: This study is to suggest a direction for comprehensive planning of educational environment in which children's cognitive development and emotional needs are achieved in childcare facilities. The importance of educational environment in childcare facilities has increased since it was discovered that high quality educational environment can not be guaranteed in current childcare facilities while the number of women participating in labor force, hence the number of children spending most of their time in these facilities is rapidly increasing. Methods: Correlation analysis on Reggio Emilia Approach to education environment and Max Luscher's psychological healing theory, and case study. Results: The result of the correlation analysis, the 4 key elements of educational environment and the 4 emotional status have significant relationship. Based on the elements of educational environment in Reggio Emilia Approach, case studies were pursued in 3 different childcare facilities in Korea. Implications: Evaluation of these case studies addresses the important elements to be considered in comprehensive planning of the educational environment in childcare facilities.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.558-563
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• 2005

In this paper, we implemented a web-based virtual laboratory system(VLab system) with creative and interactive multimedia contents, which can be used to enhance the quality of education in the area of digital logic circuits. Since the proposed VLab system is implemented to describe the on-campus laboratory, the learners can obtain similar experimental data through it. Also, the VLab system is designed to increase the learning and teaching efficiencies of both the learners and the educators, respectively. The learners will be able to achieve high teaming standard and the educators save their time and labor. The virtual experiments on our VLab system are performed according to the following procedure: (1) Circuit composition on the virtual bread board (2). Applying input voltage (3) Output measurements (4) Checkout of experiment results. Furthermore, the circuit composition on the virtual bread board and its corresponding online schematic diagram are displayed together on the VLab system for the learner's convenience. Finally, we have obtained several affirmative effects such as reducing the total experimental hours and the damage rate for experimental equipments and increasing learning efficiencies as well as faculty productivity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.425-433
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• 2009

The developed final shattering machine for labor-saving mechanization of shattering of sesame consisted of input part, shattering part, re-shattering part for unshattered pod and pneumatic sorter. The bundle of sesame was held as upside down and fed into the machine continuously. Then, the fed bundle of sesame was shattered by side shock and agitation. The performance of shattering for the sun dried bundle of sesame of conventional manual work and final shattering machine was compared. Since the shattering ratio measured by the final machine was 97.2% at the first operation, in case of fully dried sesame by drying stand, the harvest of sesame can be completed by only one time shattering operation. The work hour per area of 10 a for the mechanical work and the manual work were 0.3 hour and 13.9 hour, respectively. The total shattering ratio of the final machine with vertical feedings of bundle of sesames was 97.2%.