• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2001

Objectives : Oldenlandiae Diffusae herba has been used as a natural drug for tumor, inflammation and liver disease in traditional medicine. This study was performed in order to investigate the antioxidative effects of Oldenlandiae Diffusae herba methanol extract(ODHM) on acetaminophen induced acute liver injury in mice. Methods : In order to investigate the protective effect of ODHM on acute hepatic injury in vivo, ICR mice were pretreated with ODHM, and then treated with acetaminophen(500mg/kg). And the levels of LPO and glutathione(GSH), antioxidative enzyme activities were measured. The levels of LPO were measured by TBA method. And catalase activity was measured as the decrease in hydrogen peroxide absorbance at 240nm on spectrophotometer using 30mM hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) was assayed by recording the inhibition of nitro blue tetrazolium reduction with xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activity was determined by the modified coupled assay developed by Paglia and Lawrence. The reaction was started by addition of 2.2mM hydrogen peroxide as substrate. The change in absorbance at 340nm was measured for 1min on spectrophotometer. Glutathione-S-transferase(GST) activity was assayed with CDNB as substrate and enzyme activity of GST towards the glutathione conjugation of CDNB. And Total SH and GSH levels were measured. Results : In vivo study, LPO levels of acetaminophen treatment group were significantly higher than other groups. This increased level was significantly reduced by ODHM pretreatment. The acetaminophen treatment resulted in a decrease of catalase, GPX, SOD and GST activities. By contrast, ODHM pretreatment markedly increased compare to those of untreated groups. Total SH and GSH levels were reduced by of acetaminophen treatment, and ODHM pretreatment significantly increased GSH levels.

• BMB Reports
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2004

We have previously demonstrated that the redox reactant pyruvate prevents apoptosis in the oxidant model of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC), and that the anti-apoptotic mechanism of pyruvate is mediated in part via the mitochondrial matrix compartment. However, cytosolic mechanisms for the cytoprotective feature of pyruvate remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the pyruvate protection against endothelial cytotoxicity when the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) was applied to BPAEC. Millimolar 2DG blocked the cellular glucose uptake in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with >85% inhibition at $\geq$5 mM within 24 h. The addition of 2DG evoked BPAEC cytotoxicity with a substantial increase in lipid peroxidation and a marked decrease in intracellular total glutathione. Exogenous pyruvate partially prevented the 2DG-induced cell damage with increasing viability of BPAEC by 25-30%, and the total glutathione was also modestly increased. In contrast, 10 mM L-lactate, as a cytosolic reductant, had no effect on the cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation that are evoked by 2DG. These results suggest that 2DG toxicity may be a consequence of the diminished potential of glutathione antioxidant, which was partially restored by exogenous pyruvate but not L-lactate. Therefore, pyruvate qualifies as a cytoprotective agent for strategies that attenuate the metabolic dysfunction of the endothelium, and cellular glucose oxidation is required for the functioning of the cytosolic glutathione/NADPH redox system.

• 한국전통의학지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

To study on antioxidant effects in the liver of 40-week-old mouse, the sample were orally pretreated 5mg/kg/day for 5 days with red ginseng saponin components(total saponin, protopanaxadiol saponin, protopanaxatriol saponin, ginsenoside-Rd, ginsenoside-Re, compound-K) for 5 days. The ability of saponin to protect the mouse liver from oxidative damage was examined by determining the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and the contents of glutathione, the level of malondialdehyde, The only protopanaxadiol among the ginseng saponin fractions was significantly increased the hepatic SOD activity(p<0.01). The red ginseng saponin induced a slight increase of GPx activity, especially ginsenoside Rd, compound K and protopanaxatriol treatments significantly increased its activity. The content of glutathione was significantly increased by total saponin, protopanaxadiol and ginsenoside Rd(p<0.01), but the oxidized glutathione level was lowered in all the red ginseng saponin. Finally, the level of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by ginsenoside Rd and protopanaxadiol. In conclusion, protopanaxadiol and ginsenoside Rd among the saponin fraction were especially increased in the activity of hepatic antioxidative enzyme and decreased the lipid peroxidation that was expressed in term of MDA formation. This comprehensive antioxidant effects of red ginseng saponin seems to be by a certain action of saponin other than a direct antioxidant action.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.233-246
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• 2024

Background: Ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, both ferroptosis inhibitors, protect cells. Liproxstatin-1 decreases morphine tolerance. Yet, ferrostatin-1's effect on morphine tolerance remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ferrostatin-1 on the advancement of morphine tolerance and understand the underlying mechanisms in male rats. Methods: This experiment involved 36 adult male Wistar albino rats with an average weight ranging from 220 to 260 g. These rats were categorized into six groups: Control, single dose ferrostatin-1, single dose morphine, single dose ferrostatin-1 + morphine, morphine tolerance (twice daily for five days), and ferrostatin-1 + morphine tolerance (twice daily for five days). The antinociceptive action was evaluated using both the hot plate and tail-flick tests. After completing the analgesic tests, tissue samples were gathered from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for subsequent analysis. The levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), along with the measurements of total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS), were assessed in the tissues of the DRG. Results: After tolerance development, the administration of ferrostatin-1 resulted in a significant decrease in morphine tolerance (P < 0.001). Additionally, ferrostatin-1 treatment led to elevated levels of glutathione, GPX4, Nrf2, and TOS (P < 0.001), while simultaneously causing a decrease in TAS levels (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The study found that ferrostatin-1 can reduce morphine tolerance by suppressing ferroptosis and reducing oxidative stress in DRG neurons, suggesting it as a potential therapy for preventing morphine tolerance.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2005

동진벼 유묘 뿌리에 환원제인 ascorbic acid, 신호전달물질인 salicylic acid와 methyl jasmonic acid, 중금속인 $NiCl_2$와 $CuSO_4$ 및 NaCl를 다양한 농도로 처리한 후 항산화효소인 glutathione peroxidase(GPX)의 활성과 동위효소의 패턴 변화를 살펴보았다. Ascorbic acid 처리에 의한 GPX의 총활성은 ascorbic acid 농도 증가에 의존적으로 증가하였으며 이러한 GPX활성 증가는 GPX1 동위효소의 현저한 활성증가에 기인하였다. GPX는 신호전달물질인 salicylic acid와 methyl jasmonic acid에 대하여 서로 다른 반응성을 보였다. GPX의 활성은 0.1 mM salicylic acid에 의해 증가하였다가 이후 감소하였다. 이에 비해 GPX는 methyl jasmonic acid의 농도증가에 의존하여 점진적으로 증가하여 1 mM methyl jasmonic acid에 의하여 약 3배의 활성증가를 보였다. 뿐만 아니라 GPX1 동위효소는 salicylic acid 농도가 증가할수록 활성이 감소한 반면 methyl jasmonic acid 농도가 증가할수록 현저하게 증가하였다. GPX의 총활성은 $NiCl_2$ 농도 증가에 따라 점진적으로 증가되었으나, $CuSO_4$ 처리군의 경우 GPX의 총비활성도는 0.5 mM $CuSO_4$에 의하여 약 2배 증가한 이후 점차 감소하였다. $NiCl_2$와 $CuSO_4$ 처리에 의한 GPX 활성증가도 주로 GPX1 동위효소의 활성증가에 기인하였다. NaCl 처리에 의한 GPX 총활성은 300 mM NaCl 처리군에서 약 1.7배 증가되었다가 이후 감소하였다. 특이하게도 NaCl 농도가 증가함에 따라 GPX2 동위효소 활성이 점차 증가하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2002

Protective effect of skin by antioxidative dietary buchu (Chinese chives, Allium tuberosum Router), was evaluated in ICR mice fed diets containing 2% or 5% buchu for 12 months. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in skin, with or without ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, activities of antioxidative enzymes, total glutathione concentrations, and non-soluble collagen contents were measured. Dietary buchu decreased significantly in TBARS and protein carbonyl levels in skin compared to the control group, and were lower in those fed 5% than 2% buchu diet group. ICR mice exhibited an age-dependent decrease in antioxidative enzyme activities and total glutathione concentrations on the control diet, but in the groups fed buchu diet the enzyme activities and glu-tathione concentrations remained at youthful levels for most of the study. SOD, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities as well as total glutathione concentrations increased with time in the skins of the mice fed buchu diets. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation provoked by UVB irradiation on ICR mice skin homogenates were also significantly inhibited by dietary buchu. The buchu diets also decreased the formation of non-soluble collagen in mice skin, compared to the control group. These results suggest that antioxidative components and sulfur-compounds in buchu may confer protective effect against oxidative stress resulting from aging and exposure to ultraviolet irradiation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2005

The effects of constituent amino acids of glutathione (GSH), glutamate (Glu), cysteine (Cys) and glycine (Gly), on GSH synthesis in lettuce seedlings were examined in this study. The GSH concentration of the seedlings was increased to 5.1-fold and 1.6-fold the concentration of the control in the first leaves and roots, respectively, by simultaneous application of these constituent amino acids (Glu+Cys+Gly) at 100 mg/l to the culture solution for two days. In the first leaves and roots of these seedlings, the concentration of GSH was 180.4 and 14.6 nmole/gFW, and non-essential amino acids including Glu, Cys and Gly occupied 93.2% and 84.0% of the total free amino acids, respectively. Application of Cys greatly increased the concentration of GSH in the roots, and application of 50 mg/l Cys increased it to 26.1-fold the concentration in the control. The activity of GSH synthetase was higher in the leaves than in the roots, whereas the activity of ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase was higher in the roots than in the leaves.

• 약학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.258-268
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• 2001

Garlic has been known to be effective against the gastrointestinal diseases which can be induced by production of oxygen-derived free radical. It has been shown that bamboo salt is effective on the treatment and prevention of various gastrointestinal disorders. Bamboo salt is a processed salt invented by a Korean, ll-Hoon Kim. It has been reported that garlic and bamboo-salt are useful to the treatment of gastric disorders in Korea. To clarify the protective mechanism of the garlic-bamboo salt mixture, the gas-tropathy was induced in rats with alcohol-salicylate and the activities of the free radical scavenging enzymes were examined. In this study, we found that the garlic-bamboo salt mixture reduced the severity of hemorrhagic lesion in gastric mucosa in the rats. In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) were significnatly increased and the total content of GSH was recovered. From those results, we concluded that the protective effect of the garlic-bamboo salt mixture on gastropathy in rats is its ability to recover the level of GSH and to increase the activities of the free radical scavenging enzymes (SOD, GPx, GR).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.214-222
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) forms a multigene family of phase II detoxification enzymes which are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics by conjugating substances with glutathione. The aim of this study is to assess the antioxidative status and the degree of DNA damage in the subclinical hypertensive patients in Korea using glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We examined whether DNA damage and antioxidative status show a difference between GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype in 227 newly diagnosed, untreated (systolic blood pressure $(BP){\geq}130mmHg$ or diastolic $BP{\geq}85mmHg$) subclinical hypertensive patients and 130 normotensive subjects (systolic BP < 120 mmHg and diastolic BP < 80 mmHg). From the blood of the subjects, the degree of the DNA damage in lymphocyte, the activities of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, the catalase, and the glutathione peroxidase, the level of glutathione, plasma total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), anti-oxidative vitamins, as well as plasma lipid profiles and conjugated diene (CD) were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 227 subjects studied, 68.3% were GSTM1 null genotype and 66.5% were GSTT1 null genotype. GSTM1 null genotype had an increased risk of hypertension (OR: 2.104, CI: 1.38-3.35), but no significant association in GSTT1 null genotype (OR 0.982, CI: 0.62-1.55). No difference in erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase, and plasma TRAP, CD, lipid profiles, and GSH levels were observed between GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype. Plasma levels of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ increased significantly in GSTT1 wild genotype (P < 0.05); however, plasma level of ${\beta}-carotene$ increased significantly in GSTT1 null genotype (P < 0.01). DNA damage assessed by the Comet assay was significantly higher in GSTM1 null genotype than wild genotype (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the association between GSTM1 null genotype and risk of hypertension as they suggest that GSTM1 null genotype leads to an increased oxidative stress compared with wild genotype.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

목 적: $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}$선을 생쥐에 전신조사로 유도된 생쥐 간의 장해에 대한 발효인삼의 방사선방호효과를 방호제인 glutathione(GSH) 함량 변화를 통하여 실험적 연구를 하였다. 대상 및 방법: ICR종 수컷 생쥐를 발효인삼 투여군, 백삼 투여군, 방사선 조사군, 대조군으로 각각 분류하여 발효인삼 투여군(FG+Rad), 백삼 투여군(WG+Rad)은 $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}$선 조사 전에 백삼과 발효인삼을 7일간(150 mg/kg/day) 경구 투여하였고, 방사선 조사군(Rad)은 $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}$선을 5 Gy(1.01 Gy/min) 선량으로 조사하였으며, 대조군(Co)은 0.1 mL의 생리적 식염수를 투여하였다. 각각의 실험군을 통하여 생쥐 간 조직에서의 환원형 glutathione와 산화형 glutathione(GSSG)의 함량 변화를 조사한 결과 아래와 같다. 결 과: 1. 발효인삼 투여군과 백삼 투여군에서 방사선 조사군보다 유의성 있게 glutathione함량이 증가하였고 산화형 glutathione(GSSG)의 함량은 유의성 있게 감소하였다. 2. 발효인삼투여군과 백삼투여군에서 방사선 조사군보다 산화형 glutathione(GSSG)의 함량과 총 glutathione함량 비율은 유의성 있게 감소하였다. 결 론: 발효인삼투여군이 백삼투여군보다 glutathione함량을 증가시킴으로서 효율적으로 생쥐간의 방사선 방호효과를 증진시킴을 알 수가 있었다.