• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.212-218
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• 1995

A human hepatoma cell line, hep G2, was used to investigate the mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by ginseng total saponin, ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, - $Rb_2$, and non-saponin fraction (ether extraction). Hep G2 cells were incubated in 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of cholesterol containing serum free-RPMl1640 medium with various concentration of ginseng components. The amounts of cholesterol in Hep G2 cells were decreased to maximum 51% in total saponin or two ginsenoside-treated groups while there was 137% increase in cholesterol level of control group as compared with that of normal group. Nonsaponin groups did not show the same effect. In order to elucidate the observed changes in the amount of cholesterol, the activity of amyl CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) in groups showing remarkable reduction in cholesterol amount, i.e., total saponin 10-6%, ginsenoside-$Rb_1$ $10^{-4}$%, ginsenoside-$Rb_2$, $10^{-4}$%, and non-saponin fraction $10^{-4}$%, was assayed using [1-$^{-14}C$%]oleic acid as enzyme substrate. The activity of ACAT was increased in all groups tested as compared with that of control group except for non-saponin group cultured in water soluble cholesterol containing medium. The serum cholesterol lowering effects of ginseng components can partially be attributed to the increased hepatocellular ACAT activity.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2019

Background: Depending on the processing method, the raw materials constituents change in various ways. In particular, a heat treatment process, such as steaming, changes the color and aroma of a raw material to increase its palatability and number of physiologically active ingredients. Methods and Results: In the present study, the effects of the steaming temperature and time on the yield, color, proximal composition, and total polyphenol and ginsenoside content of a 4-year-old ginseng root were analyzed. The yield tended to decrease with the increase of steaming time at each temperature and the total ginsenoside content increased with increasing of steaming temperature except at $80^{\circ}C$. Conclusions: These results suggest that steaming at $100^{\circ}C$ for 6 - 9 hours or at $110^{\circ}C$ for 3 - 6 hours is suitable for increasing total polyphenol and ginsenoside content with less yield reduction in a 4-year-old ginseng root.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.521-525
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• 2006

인삼을 처리온도 및 처리시간을 변수로 하여 열처리한 다음 80% 메탄올로 추출하여 성분 및 생리활성 변화를 분석하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 고온고압처리에 따라 증가하다가 $140^{\circ}C$, 4시간 이후에 감소하였으며, $150^{\circ}C$, 1시간 처리구에서 29.46mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 고온고압처리에 따라 증가하다가 $150^{\circ}C$에서는 2시간 처리구에서 4.75mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. $IC_{50}$은 처리온도와 시간이 증가할수록 감소하여 항산화활성이 무처리구(17.68mg/g)보다 증가한 것을 알 수 있었으며, 가장 활성이 높은 처리구는 $140^{\circ}C$, 3시간 처리구로 0.22mg/g으로 나타났다. 4년근 인삼의 조사포닌 함량은 1.18%이었으며, 고온고압처리에 따라 ginsenoside는 대부분 처리온도가 높아질수록, 처리시간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. $Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_2,\;Rb_3$은 비교적 낮은 온도에서는 안정하였으나 $130^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서는 불안정하여 감소하였다. Rf는 열처리에 비교적 안정하였으며, $Rg_3,\;Rh_2$는 고온고압처리에 의해 새로이 생성되거나 함량이 증가하여 최대 생성 조건은 $130^{\circ}C$에서는 4-5시간, $140^{\circ}C$에서는 2-4시간, $150^{\circ}C$에서는 2시간으로 나타났다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2014

In this study, edible protopanaxadiol saponin enriched fraction were prepared by ultrafiltration (UF). Ginseng extract was prepared from mixtures of ginseng main root and rootlet (root: rootlet = 4 : 6). UF system was used the four-piston Diaphragm pump equipped with 5 kDa pore size Hydrosart Cassette made by regenerated cellulose acetate (CA) or 3 kDa pore size Hollow Fiber cartridge made by polyethersulfone (PES). Total ginsenoside contents of concentrated fraction by UF system was found to higher, compared to before those of untreated method. Especially, processing of UF showed the increase of PPD-type ginsenoside, while PPT-type ginsenoside was gradually decreased by both 3 kDa and 5 kDa membrane. After removal of 80% water by the 5 kDa Hydrosart Cassette and by 3 kDa Hollow Fiber cartridge, ginsenoside Rb1 content was higher 37.2 mg/g and 25.3 mg/g than 20.8 mg/g in untreated process. The ratio of Rb1 to Rg1 (Rb1/Rg1) and PPD- to PPT- type ginsenoside (PPD/PPT) were higher in inner fluid of ginseng extract after UF by 3 kDa cartridge (47.1 and 23.5, respectively) and 5 kDa Cassette (25.3 and 11.9, respectively) than those of before UF (5.7 and 3.7, respectively). PPD-type ginsenoside enriched fraction by UF system could be developed as a new ginseng material in food and cosmetic industrials.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.114-118
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• 2008

Ginseng treated with several treatment conditions of various acids to search hydrolysates on the basis of increased biological activity and modified structure. In the result of acid treatment, the conversion rate of ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 was highest when ginseng treated with citric acid. After added citric acid to ginseng extract, boiled at l00$^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour and add enzyme, which is examined change by time. It compared with group which did not treated acid. Two groups became difference according to enzyme but the generation rate of ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 did not show difference greatly. Also, the generation rate of ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 by time passes did not show difference. The generation rate of ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 increased when increased acid concentration, temperature and time. We did exclusion molding to shorten treatment time. In the result of ginseng treated with citric acid of various concentrations at various temperatures as time passes by extrusion molding, the generation rate of ginsenoside Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 was highest when ginseng treated with 3% citric acid at l60$^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. In addition, total saponin amount of ginseng treated with 3% citric acid at 160$^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes was about 11% higher than ginseng heated at 120$^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. These results indicated that our exclusion molding process more effective, compared to traditional red ginseng manufacturing process.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2009

In an effort to improve ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The results showed that the fermented red ginseng (FRG) had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG) and FRG were 35715.2 ${\mu}g$/mL and 34822.9 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. However, RFG had a higher content (14914.3 ${\mu}g$/mL) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, CK, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared to NFRG (5697.9 ${\mu}g$/mL). The skin permeability of RFG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cells. Particularly, after 5 hr, the skin permeability of RFG was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of NFRG. Using everted instestinal sacs of rats, RFG showed a high transport level (10.3 mg of polyphenols/g sac) compared to NFRG (6.67 of mg of polyphenols/g sac) after 1 hr. After oral administration of NFRG and FRG to rats, serum concentrations were determined by HPLC. Peak concentrations of Rk1, Rh1, Rc, and Rg5 were approximately 1.64, 2.35, 1.13, and 1.25-fold higher, respectively, for FRG than for NFRG. Furthermore, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg5 increased more rapidly in the blood by the oral administration of FRG versus NFRG. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared to NFRG as indicated by skin permeation, intestinal permeability, and ginsenoside levels in the blood. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2006

We investigated the effects of Ginsenoside $R_e$ on human sperm motility in fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile individuals in vitro and the mechanism by which the Ginsenosides play their roles. The semen samples were obtained from 10 fertile volunteers and 10 asthenozoospermic infertile patients. Spermatozoa were separated by Percoll and incubated with 0, 1, 10 or $100\;{\mu}M$ of Ginsenoside $R_e$. Total sperm motility and progressive motility were measured by computer-aided sperm analyzer (CASA). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was determined by the $^{3}H$-arginine to $^{3}H$-citrulline conversion assay, and the NOS protein was examined by the Western blot analysis. The production of sperm nitric oxide (NO) was detected using the Griess reaction. The results showed that Ginsenoside $R_e$ significantly enhanced both fertile and infertile sperm motility, NOS activity and NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 nM), a NO donor, mimicked the effects of Ginsenoside $R_e$. And pretreatment with a NOS inhibitor $N^{w}$-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, $100\;{\mu}M$) or a NO scavenger N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (LNAC, 1 mM) completely blocked the effects of Ginsenoside $R_e$. Data suggested that Ginsenoside $R_e$ is beneficial to sperm motility, and that induction of NOS to increase NO production may be involved in this benefit.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.464-470
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng produced by hydroponics can be cultivated without using agricultural chemicals; thus, it can be used as a raw materials for functional foods, medicines, and cosmetics. This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time to obtain the highest levels of ginsenoside and ginseng, as this was not previously unknown. Methods and Results: One-year-old organic ginseng seedlings were transplanted and cultivated using hydroponics for 150 days in a venlo-type greenhouse, using ginseng nursery bed soil and a nutrient solution ($NO_3{^-}-N$; 6.165, P; 3.525, K; 5.625, Ca; 4.365, Mg; 5.085, S; $5.31mEq/{\ell}$). Ginsenoside content and fresh and dry weights were higher at 120 days after transplanting than at 30, 60, 90, and 150 days. Total ginsenoside content was 11.86 times higher in the leaf and stem than in the root at 120 days after transplanting. Ginsenosides F1, F2, F3, and F5 were detected in ginseng leaves and stems. These chemical compounds are known to be effective in altering skin properties, including whitening, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. Conclusions: Optimal harvesting time for ginseng cultivated using hydroponics was 120 days after transplanting when the biomass and ginsenoside content were highest.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2008

수삼을 수분함량 별로 건조한 다음 원형이 변하지 않는 팽화 인삼을 제조할 수 있는 최적의 압력조건을 찾아 팽화 인삼을 제조하고 각 조건 별 시료의 추출수율, 조사포닌, ginsenoside함량 변화를 관찰하였다. 팽화 처리 후 외관상의 가장 큰 변화는 갈변과 부피팽창이었다. 추출수율 측정 결과, 대조군은 37.6%, 팽화 인삼의 경우 $50.0{\sim}62.1%$의 범위로 측정되었다. 조사포닌 함량의 경우 대조군은 11.0 mg/g ginseng, 팽화 인삼은 $19.6{\sim}48.8mg/g$ ginseng의 범위로 측정되었다. 팽화 인삼에서는 홍삼 특유 사포닌인 ginsenoside-Rg3가 검출되었다. Ginsenoside-Rg3의 생성량은 팽화 압력이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Ginsenoside-Rg3를 제외한 나머지 기본 ginsenoside와 total ginsenoside함량은 대조군에 비해 모두 증가하였지만, 팽화 압력이 증가함에 따라 그 양이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과 인삼을 적절한 조건에서 팽화처리하였을 경우 추출수율, 조사포닌 및 조사포닌 함량의 증진과 일부 ginsenoside의 변형을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 2008

인삼의 부위별 진세노사이드 패턴 유사성과 상관관계를 알아보고자 본 시험을 수행하였다. 진세노사이드 단위함량과 총함량은 고풍이 각각 18.9 mg/g, 596 mg/g으로 가장 높았고 연풍, 금풍, 선풍이 뒤를 이었으며, 천풍은 각각 8.0 mg/g, 209.5 mg/g으로 고풍의 절반에도 미치지 못하였다. 부위별로 보면 뇌두의 진세노사이드 단위함량과 총함량은 연풍이 가장 높았으며, 동체와 지근 및 세근에서는 고풍이 높았다. 뿌리와 각 부위의 진세노사이드 패턴 유사성은 지근과 뇌두가 각기 0.95, 0.94로 높았으며 동체와 세근은 각기 0.78, 0.80으로 다소 낮았다. 지근에서 품종별 진세노사이드 패턴 유사성을 보면 천풍, 연풍, 고풍, 금풍이 각기 0.98, 0.98, 0.96, 0.98로 아주 높았으며, 선풍은 0.87로 다소 낮았다. 뿌리와 각 부 위의 진세노사이드 상관계수는 지근에서 0.843으로 가장 높았으며 동체, 세근, 뇌두 순으로 낮아졌다. 또한 단위함량과 총 함량의 상관계수는 0.933으로 매우 높게 나타났다.