• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.256-260
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• 2008

In this study, the composition of saponin and physico-chemical properties of Korean red ginseng extract was analyzed based on various extracting conditions. The total saponin and individual ginsenoside concentration of the red ginseng extract showed a decreasing trend as the extracting temperature and time increased; also, the extracting condition at $75^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours showed the highest concentration. In contrast, the concentration of $Rg_3$ increased as the extracting temperature and time increased within the particular range. It was suggested that a certain part of ginsenosides changes to $Rg_3$ according to extracting conditions; thus, the concentration of $Rg_3$ increased. Physico-chemical properties of Korean red ginseng extract based on the extracting conditions were different compared to those for saponin; so, as the extracting temperature and time increased, brix and color difference increased but pH decreased indicating stabilization of the overall quality of the product. Therefore, the most appropriate extracting condition for both the product quality of Korean red ginseng extract and stable extraction of saponin was $80^{\circ}C$ within 48 hours, minimizing the loss of ginsenosides.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.411-416
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the extrusion process on the change of components in ginseng. The extraction yields from ginseng by distilled water extraction were highest in the extruded ginsengs, whereas it was lowest in the white ginseng. The contents of crude saponin were highest in the extruded ginseng, and they increased as the extrusion temperature was raised. The total contents of 11 kinds of ginsenosides increased in the order of red, white and extruded ginsengs. In particular, red ginseng showed higher contents of Rg1, Rg3 and Rb2, whereas Re was highest in white ginseng. In addition, the contents of Rg2, Rh1, Rh2 and Rg3 in the extruded white ginseng became higher. Free sugar contents were greatest in red ginseng. However, they were lowest in the extruded ginseng. White ginseng had a greater L value, whereas extruded ginseng demonstrated higher a and b values. In conclusion, the extraction yields, the contents of saponin, and ginsenoside-Rg2, Rh1, Rh2 and Rg3 were increased through the extrusion process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.778-784
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the application possibility of leaf and stem extract (LSE) from the mixture of leaf and stem of Panax ginseng. This study measured the general nutritional composition, aminoacid minerals contents and fatty acid composition of LSE. We conducted analysis of the ginsenoside content by HPLC and the cell cytotoxicity tests in normal liver and kidney cells. The approximate composition of LSE was 2.51% of carbohydrate 0.53% of crude ash,0.20% of crude fat and 0.15% of crude protein, respectively. LSE contained 102.56 mg/100 g of K ion and high contents of acidic amino acids such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In addition to this, it contained all essential amino acids. The major compositions of fatty acids were 39.99% of palmitic acid 14.96% of linoleic acid, 13.31% of docosatetranoic acid and 12.91% of linolenic acid, The total ginsenoside was 0.82 mg/mL, and ratio of PD/PT was 0.68. Negative effects were not found from the results of the cell toxicity respection. These results imply that leaf and stem of Panax gineng could be used as possible food resources and functional food material and feed stuff.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.133-140
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of ginsenoside contents and antioxidative activities from red ginseng after treated with high hydrostatic pressure (RGHHP). Crude saponin content in traditional red ginseng (TRG) and RGHHP were 21.93 and 27.29 mg/g, respectively. The contents of total phenolics, crude saponin and ginsenoside increased after treated with high hydrostatic pressure. TRG and RGHHP showed an increase 25.60% the highest content of Rb1 (14.10 mg/g and 17.71 mg/g). Also, Rg3 content compared with TRG and RGHHP increased 10.46%. The radical scavenging activity of hot water extract from red ginseng against the DPPH and ABTS radicals increased with the increasing amount of extract and RGHHP higher than TRG. The reducing power and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays of the red ginseng were increased in a dose dependent manner. The FRAP of TRG and RGHHP were 0.30 and 0.36 absorbance, respectively at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The present results suggest that RGHHP would have the protective potential from oxidative stress induced by free radicals.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.619-627
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• 1997

It is known that 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone(menadione, MD) induces hepatotoxicities both in vivo and in vitro. These toxic effects are believed to result from oxidative damages to hepatocytes by "active oxygen" species via one-electron reduction of the naphtoquinone. The ginsenoside(GS) is a complex mixture of individual ginsenosides which is known to produce a range of effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. In particular, GS has an antioxidant effect. In this experiment we studied the effect of GS from red panax ginseng(red ginseng total saponin, RGTS) on free radical-induced liver injuries by MD. Administration of MD($150{\mu}M$) caused an increase in aspartate aminotransferase(AST) activities and lipid peroxidation, decrease in alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities and total bilirubin levels in blood, caused depletion of GSH and changes of antioxidant enzyme(superoxide dismutase, catalase) activities are shown in liver tissue. Administration of RGTS restored the AST levels that increased by MD, but catalase showed no significant changes. RGTS also had an effect of restoring the GSH level and had some synergistic effects with SOD. These data suggest that RGTS may have some protective effects on liver injury which is related with the oxygen free radical.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to compare the chemical properties of red ginseng, white ginseng, and extruded ginseng. Six kinds of samples were prepared and examined their chemical components. The comparison among crude ash, crude lipid, and total sugar resulted insignificant difference. White ginseng had lower content of reducing sugar than those of extruded ginseng and red ginseng. Total amino acid was found relatively low in treatment A (sliced whole root and dried at 7$0^{\circ}C$). Total amino acid of treatment C (extruded dry whole root ginseng slices, moisture content 30%, barrel temperature 11$0^{\circ}C$, and screw speed 200 rpm) was higher than that of treatment B (extruded dry whole root slices, moisture content 25%, barrel temperature 11$0^{\circ}C$, and screw speed 200 rpm). Crude saponin of treatments A, B, C, D (white ginseng with skin), E (skinless white ginseng), and F (red ginseng) were 4.02, 4.77, 4.12, 3.56, 3.25, and 4.02%, respectively. Ginsenoside was contained similarly as crude saponin. The amount of ginsenoside in the treatment of A, B, C, D, E, and F was recorded respectively at 6.031, 8.108, 6.876, 7.978, 5.591, and 9.834 mg/g. A specific component in red ginseng, $R_{g3}$ was detected in treatment F. Maltol was detected in treatment Band F. Acidic polysaccharide was increased 2∼3% by extrusion process. In conclusion, extruded ginseng had similar components to those of red ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the some physicochemical properties of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) water extract (RGWE) after heated with high temperatures above $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. RGWEs were heated at 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours by using autoclave. After RGWEs were heated at high temperature for 2 hours without not adjustment of pH, the changes of saponin, free sugars, mineral and color in the RGWEs were investigated. Total ginsenoside content in control was 1.99%, while those of RGWE were 1.65, 1.49 and 1.29% when treated at 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. The contents of total ginsenoside showed decreased tendency as heating temperatures were increased. The ginsenoside-$Rh_{2}$ and $-Rg_{3}$, which have been reported as very stable red ginseng ginsenosides, showed relatively strong spots on TLC when RGWEs were heated at 110 and $120^{\circ}C$. In case of free sugars in RGWEs, fructose, glucose and maltose showed high contents when compared with control, while Fe, Ca and Mg ions showed very low contents. Value of L in RGWE treated with high temperature was almost the same with control, while values of a and b were increased. Values of a were increased from -0.86 of control to +0.04, +0.05 and +1.14 when treated with 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. Values of b also were increased from 27.68 of control to 33.61, 33.61 and 37.42 when treated with 100, 110 and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. Values of total color in RGWEs treated with high temperatures, E, were finally increased by values of a and b.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.1-10
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• 1988

Previously. we reported that the intraperitoneal administration of ginseng crude saponin increased: (I) nuclear RNA polymerase activity. (2) nuclear RNA synthesis. (3) cytoplasmic RNA synthesis. (4) cytoplasmic heavy polyrioosome content. (5) amino acid incorporation in vitro of microsome and polysome isolated rat liver. and (6) the incorporation rate of labeled amino acids into serum protein. In addition, a spectacular increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocyte administered crude saponin for four weeks orally was shown through electron microscopy. An increase in polysomal content in membrane-hound ribosome was shown through ultracentrifugation. Recently, successive intraperitoneal. administration .of $ginsenosid-Rb_2$ was given to streptozotocin (STZ) diaoetic rats of hypoproteinemia. The blood urea nitrogen and hepatic urea concentration were decreased significantly. The total protein and alhumin levels in the serum were increased in comparison to control values. In contrast. the $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ treated group of STZ diahetic rats showed a significant increase in liver RNA. total ribosome and membrane-bound ribosomal contents. The administration of $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ increased the incorporation rate of labeled - precursor into total serum protein. Additionally $ginsenoside-Rb_2$ improved the nitrogen balance of diabetic rats. On the bases of these experimental results, ginseng saponin has a metabolic stimulatory or anabolic action on RNA and protein synthesis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

The effects of the ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2) on lipid metabolism were characterized in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to evaluate their utility for treating obesity. While the amounts of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) were markedly increased in the adipocytes treated with high amounts of cholesterol and fetal bovine serum (FBS), the test groups treated with Rb2 showed levels that were close to normal. The effect of Rb2 on these cells was comparable to that of lovastatin. Rb2 enhanced the expression of the sterol regulated element binding protein (SREBP) mRNA whereas treatment with cholesterol and FBS led to a reduction in the abundance of this transcript. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) was lower in the cholesterol group compared to the Rb2 treatment group suggesting that the observed decrease in cholesterol levels and activated SREBP was mediated by Rb2. Treatment with Rb2 also resulted in a decrease in TAG levels in adipocytes cultured under high fatty acid conditions. This effect was mediated by stimulating the expression of SREBP and Leptin mRNA, suggesting that Rb2 might be a valuable component capable of lowering the levels of lipids.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng leaf and stem extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, a special component of red and black ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf and stem were processed under several treatment conditions including ultrasonication treatments. The content of total saponin reached their heights at 17 hr (UGL-17) of ultrasonication treatment, followed by 16 hr (UGL-16) and 7 hr (UGL-7) of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. UGL-17 findings show that the ginseng leaf and stem that had been processed with ultrasonication for 17 hours peaked in the level of Rg2, Rg3 and Rh1. In addition, UGL-16 contained ginsenoside Rg5 at high concentrations. It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing ginseng leaf and stem extracts with functionality enhanced.