• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to compare forage production and feed value of winter forage crops at the experimental field of Livestock Division, National Institute of Animal Science from 2003 to 2004 in Jeju. The experiment was arranged in slit plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of two cutting times, one time cutting and two times cutting. Sub plots consisted of 5 different seed combinations, T1 (Italian ryegrass), T2 (Oat), T3 (Italian ryegrass 25+Oat 75%), T4 (Italian ryegrass 50+Oat 50%), T5 (Italian ryegrass 75+Oat 25%). One time cutting showed the highest dry matter (DM) yield by 18,680 kg/ha. Tow times cutting showed the highest crude protein (CP) content by 11.97%. The all treatments have narrow range of total digestible nutrient (TDN) from 60.6% to 70.4%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.254-261
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• 2014

This study was to assess the effect of sowing mixed legume forage and applying cattle manure on the productivity and feed value of whole-crop barley (WCB) as a representative of winter crops and to estimate feeding capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area by defining optimal application level of cattle manure for more fertile soil and manure recycling for the purpose of reduced environmental pollution and efficient production of organic forage contributable to production of organic animal products. Sowing mixed legume forage significantly (p<0.05) increased yields of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) for WCB compared to WCB alone sowing, but there was no difference between mixed sowing treatments. The yields of DM, CP and TDN were significantly (p<0.05) highest in 100~150 kg N/hg. The CP and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were highest in mixed sowing with hairy vetch, followed by sowing mixed forage pea and WCB alone (p<0.05). There were no differences in CP and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents among cattle manure application levels. As nitrogen application level increased, ADF content increased (p<0.05), but TDN content decreased (p<0.05). Feeding capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) weighing 450 kg of body weight with 400 g of daily gain significantly (p<0.05) increased due to mixed sowing with legume forage, and with increasing application levels of fermented cattle manure, feeding capacity significantly (p<0.05) increased. The results indicate that mixed-sowing of WCB and legume forage not only cut nitrogen application level of fermented cattle manure by over 50 kg per ha but also increased their feed value and productivity, and feeding capacity. This would be contributable to diversity of forage resources as well as production of organic animal product by creating low cost and high quality of forage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.197-210
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• 2009

To improve the forage quality and reduce nitrogen input, trial was conducted on the effect of seeding method, combination, and nitrogen fertilizer with WCB (whole crop barley) and leguminous plant. Present experiment was carried out by split-split design having seeding methods for main plot, combinations for sub-plot, and nitrogen fertilizers for sub-sub plot with three replications. When WCB and leguminous plant were mixed-sown, WCB showed earlier heading and maturing than those of inter-sown, and the more nitrogen delayed growth stage a little. Occurrence of BaYMV (Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus), a serious disease caused by soil fungi and decrease barley yield, was deterred by mixed-seeding as compared to inter-sown barley a little. Inter-sown WCB increased the number of spike per $m^2$ as compared to mixed-seeding showing more spikes with nitrogen increase. WCB produced much fresh and dry matter yield at mixed-seeding than inter-seeding, and had advantage with hairy vetch (HV). Increased nitrogen showed much forage yield, however, half application of it is considerable for environmental-friendly farming. Electric conductivity (EC) decreased in inter-cropping or mixed-sowing soil with WCB and leguminous crop after harvest. But, organic matter (OM) content of soil after harvesting was vice versa. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of WCB plant were higher at mixed-seeding than those of inter-sown ones. It showed increased tendency with time progress.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

Three Hanwoo steers (BW $623{\pm}18.5kg$) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to investigate nutrients degradability and total digestible nutrient (TDN) of whole crop rice silage (WRS) harvested at different mature stages using in situ technique. Crude protein content (mean 4.81%) decreased with progressed maturity at harvest except for WRS harvested at yellow stage. Ruminal dry matter degradability of WRS at milk stage tended to be slightly lower than that of the other stages during the entire incubation time from 12 h post-incubation. The rapidly degradable N (a-fraction) of WRS harvested at milk stage was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of WRS at dough stage whereas the slowly degradable N (b-fraction) of WRS harvested at yellow and dough stages were statistically (p<0.05) higher than those of the other WRS. Effective protein degradability (EPD) of WRS harvested at yellow stage was numerically (compared with dough and milk stages) and statistically (compared with mature stage) higher than EPD of the other WRS. Protein digestibility of WRS at different gastric tracts did not differ (p>0.05) between the harvest stages. TDN of WRS harvested at yellow stage in Hanwoo steers was statistically (compared with milk stage) and numerically (compared with dough and mature stages) higher than TDN of the other WRS. Overall, taking present feed evaluation into consideration, WRS harvested at yellow stage may be recommended for Hanwoo steers. Further studies on in vivo rumen fermentation pattern and minimizing nutrients loss during harvest should be required for accurate feed evaluation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2015

"Seedgreen" (Secale cereal L.), a new rye cultivar was developed by National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2013. It was developed from an open pollination from within 10 rye varieties or lines including "Chochun" in 1995. The line "SR95POP-S1-140-9-1-3-7-5-3" was selected for its excellent agronomic appearance, and was placed in yield trials for three years from 2008 to 2010. The new cultivar was designated "Homil50" and was placed in regional yield trials at the five locations around Korea from 2011 to 2013, during which time the name "Seedgreen" was given. This cultivar is an erect plant type and of a long size, with a dark-green leaf color, a yellowish-white colored, medium-diameter culm, and a brown-colored, medium-size grain. The heading and maturation dates of Seedgreen were April 22 and June 16, which were 3 days and 2 days earlier than that of "Gogu", respectively. Seedgreen also showed better winter hardiness and a greater resistance to lodging and wet injury compared to those of the check cultivar. Over three years, the average dry matter yield of Seedgreen was 8.3 ton $ha^{-1}$ (fresh yield = 39.8 ton $ha^{-1}$), which was harvested in late April and was lower than that of the check cultivar Gogu. The seed productivity of Seedgreen was approximately 4 ton $ha^{-1}$, which was 16 % more than that of the check. Seedgreen was higher to than Gogu in term of protein content (10.5% and 9.7%, respectively), total digestible nutrients (TDN) (58.3% and 57%, respectively), and TDN yield $ha^{-1}$ (4.81 ton and 4.77 ton, respectively). This cultivar is recommended as a fall sowing crop in areas where the average daily minimum-mean temperatures are higher than $-12^{\circ}C$ in January, and as a winter crop for whole-crop forage before the planting of rice or green manure around Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seeding methods and application levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and forage quality of whole crop rice (WCR). The WCR variety "Namil" was directly seeded on April 25 and transplanted on May 25. Five levels of nitrogen fertilizer were applied (90, 110, 140, 170 and 200 kg/ha). There were no significant differences (p<0.05) of the emergence date, heading date and disease resistance based on the nitrogen fertilizer rates; however, the WCR became dark at higher nitrogen fertilizer rates. The plant height increased at higher nitrogen fertilizer rates and the tiller number showed the same trend. In contrast to a direct seeding method, transplanting increased the tiller number. The dry matter (DM) content did not show a certain tendency based on nitrogen fertilizer rates, while the fresh and dry matter yields increased with incremental changes of the nitrogen fertilizer rates (p<0.01), and the transplant method increased the yield size. In yield analysis, the plot direct-seeded with 140 kg N/ha and the transplanting with 170kg N/ha showed the highest yields. The crude protein (CP) content increased with higher nitrogen fertilizer rate, but there was no significant differences between transplant and direct-seeding methods. The content of ADF (acid detergent fiber) and NDF (neutral detergent fiber) increased with higher nitrogen fertilizer rate, but total digestible nutrient (TDN) content decreased with increased nitrogen levels. Although high nitrogen applications increased the fresh and DM yields, the 140 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer level is recommended as the proper nitrogen fertilizer level, considering both yield and the environments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2015

"Youhan" (Hordeum vulgare L.), a new whole-crop barley cultivar, was developed by the breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2012. Youhan has the growth habit of III, a light green and mid-sized leaf, hooded and lax-type spikes. The cultivar showed 107 cm of culm length, 641 spikes per $m^2$. The heading date of Youhan was May 1, which is one day later than that of the check cultivar "Yuyeon" in upland, and 2 days earlier than that of Yuyeon in paddy field. The maturation time was similar to check cultivar Yuyeon on June 4 in upland and May 31 in paddy field. In terms of winter hardiness and resistance to lodging and disease, Youhan also performed better than the check cultivar. The average forage dry matter (DM) yield in the regional yield trial was approximately 12.6 ton $ha^{-1}$ and 12.0 ton $ha^{-1}$ in upland and paddy field, respectively, which were 6% and 5% higher than that of the check. The yield also showed 7.3% of crude protein, 26.8% of ADF (acid detergent fiber), 47.8% of NDF (neutral detergent fiber), 67.7% of TDN (total digestible nutrients), and a higher grade of silage quality for the whole-crop barley. Fall sowing cropping of Youhan is recommended only in those areas where the average daily minimum-mean temperatures in January are higher than $-8^{\circ}C$, and it should not be cultivated in mountainous areas of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.301-306
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics, productivity of silage com and barley cropping, forage sorghum and barley cropping in accordance with Drainage Culvert Spacing at poorly drained paddy field in National Institute of Animal Science, at Seonghwan in Korea, March 2006 to May 2007. The emergency and flowering date were no different among treatments. Emergency rate and flowering date were 90% and July 26 in silage com, 91% and July 21 in forage sorghum, 92% and April 27 in barley, respectively. Dry matter yield was high in line with 3 m drainage culvert spacing (24,389 kg/ha) > 5 m (23,543 kg/ha) > 7 m (21,527 kg/ha) > 0 m (14,132 kg/ha). In cropping systems, dry matter yield of forage sorghum and barley (22,111 kg/ha) was higher than silage com and barley (19,684 kg/ha). Crude protein and TDN yield were high in line with 3 m (2,365 and 15,394 kg/ha) > 5 m (2,255 and 14,513 kg/ha) > 7 m (1,884 and 13,747 kg/ha) > 0 m (995 and 8,682 kg/ha). In cropping systems, crude protein and TDN (total digestible nutrients) yield of forage sorghum and barley cropping system (2,165 and 13,582 kg/ha) was higher than silage com and barley cropping system (1,576 kg/ha and 12,482 kg/ha), respectively. Consequently proper drainage culvert Spacing at poorly drained paddy field was 5 m with forage sorghum and barley cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.359-372
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• 2015

This study was to assess the effects of sowing mixed legume forage and applying fermented cattle manure on the productivity and feed value of whole crop wheat (WCW) as a representative of winter crops and also to estimate feeding capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area by defining optimal application levels of cattle manure for more fertile soil and manure recycling for the purpose of reduced environmental pollution and efficient production of organic forage contributable to production of organic animal products. Sowing mixed legume forage significantly (p<0.05) increased yields of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) for WCW compared to WCW alone sowing, but there were no differences between mixed sowing treatments. The yields of DM, CP and TDN were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 100~150 kg N/ha. The CP and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were highest in mixed sowing with hairy vetch, followed by sowing mixed forage pea and WCW alone (p<0.05). There were no differences in CP among cattle manure application levels. As nitrogen application level increased, ADF content increased (p<0.05), but TDN content decreased (p<0.05). Feeding capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) weighing 450 kg of body weight with 400 g of daily gain significantly (p<0.05) increased due to mixed sowing with legume forage, and with increasing application levels of fermented cattle manure, feeding capacity significantly (p<0.05) increased. The results indicated that mixed-sowing of WCW and legume forage not only reduced nitrogen application level of fermented cattle manure by over 50 kg per ha but also increased their feed value and productivity, and feeding capacity. This would be contributable to diversity of forage resources as well as production of organic animal product by creating low cost and high quality of forage.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.579-585
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate liquid pig manure (LPM) application rates on the growth characteristics, yield, and feed value of whole crop barley in Yeongsangang and Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Electronic conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and available phosphate (Av. $P_2O_5$) increased in chemical properties of Yeongsangang and Saemangeum soil as raising LPM application level. As increasing LPM application level, exchangeable $Na^+$ significantly increased in Yeongsangang, while exchangeable $K^+$ significantly increased in Saemangeum. Plant height was not significantly different from LPM 100% to LPM 200% in Yeongsangang and in Saemangeum. Dry matter yield of whole crop barley increased steadily, but crop yield of LPM 200% in Yeongsangang ($10.5ton\;ha^{-1}$) was as much as that of LPM 150% ($10.0ton\;ha^{-1}$). Yield of LPM 200% ($11.2ton\;ha^{-1}$) in Saemangeum was similar to that of LPM 150% ($10.5ton\;ha^{-1}$). Crude protein (CP) increased depending on LPM application level, but total digestible nutrients (TDN) increased regardless of LPM application level. LPM 200% was the highest in TDN yield (Yeongsangang: $7.4ton\;ha^{-1}$, Saemangeum: $6.9ton\;ha^{-1}$), but there was no statistical difference between LPM 150% (Yeongsangang: $6.9ton\;ha^{-1}$, Saemangeum: $6.6ton\;ha^{-1}$) and LPM 200%. From the results described above, optimum rate of LPM for cultivating whole crop barley is considered 100% in Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal land and 150% in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land, showing that the effect of LPM application is better in Segmentation than that in Yeongsangang for yield of whole crop barley.