• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.12-23
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• 1997

The biosynthesis of galactolipid, galactose and the fatty acid composition in E. cdi and B. subtills treated with potassium dichromate(PD, 500 ppm, 500 ppm), potassium chromate(PC, 500 ppm, 500 ppm), cobalt chloride(CC, 100 ppm, 10 ppm) and methylmercuric chloride(MC, 100 ppm, 10 ppm) during the culture were analyzed to compare with the control. The growth rate of cells, the contents of monogalactosyldiglyceride(MGDG), digalactosyldiglyceride(DGDG) and total lipid in the metal compound treatments were lower as compared with the control. And too, the contents of galactose utilized for the biosynthesis of galactolipids in these strains in the various metal compounds treatments were inhibited. The fatty acids used for the MGDG and DGDG formation in E. coli and B. subtills treated with each metal compounds during the culture were showed to the variant compositional change.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.869-882
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• 2021

Sodium chloride (NaCl) replacement with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) effect on protein solubility, proteolytic enzyme and quality characteristics of a chicken soup prepared from spent hen (SH) chicken were investigated. By means of immerse marination prior to cooking, a total of 60 skinless SH breast meat were randomly allocated into ten groups admitted to treatments with marinade solution containing sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and reduced percentage of NaCl with CaCl₂ at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% at 4±2℃ for 20 h. STPP was adjusted to 0.5% for all treatments and NaCl replacement at 0% was used as control. The different methods, particularly boiling at 100℃ and retorting at 121℃, 1.5 kgf/cm² for 60 minutes, were applied following marination. An upregulation of cathepsin-B and caspase-3 enzymes were a consequences from a higher percentage of CaCl₂ within meat environment. Accordingly, modified the protein solubility in particular the myofibrillar and total protein solubility. In addition, a significant increase in water holding capacity (WHC), pH value, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), and moisture content was obtained due to salt replacement (p<0.05). Limited effect was observed for shear force value, collagen content and cooking yield. Eventually, this study implied that although protelytic enzyme and protein solubility was upregulated by the replacement of NaCl with CaCl₂ at >75%, extensive effect on texture properties was not observed. Therefore, NaCl replacement at 75% could be a promising strategy for quality improvement of SH chicken soup.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 1992

This study was carried out to find out the distribution of soil components and their relationships in layer of soil profiles under upland condition. Concentrations of nitrate, chloride, and that sort of thing in soil profiles were tested in a field covering $235m^2$ by core sampling down to 150cm depth. Total nitrogen contents in soil profiles progressively decreased in lower depths down to 150cm. Nitrate concentrations in deeper layers than 110cm, which revealed a similar distribution pattern with total nitrogen down to 110cm, increased with the depth lowering to 150cm, indicationg that nitrate has leached to deep layer. Natural abundance of $^{15}N$ in total nitrogen and nitrate in all the soil profiles showed higher values compared with the other general cultivated soils and trended to get higher in deeper layers. The horizontal variation of $^{15}N$ distribution in the field surveyed was not significant. Chloride concentrations and EC values in soil profiles increased with depth where nitrate was accmulated, and showed a highly positive correlation between them.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.242-254
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• 1997

An experimental studies were done to investigate the spontaneous movements to the isolated ileum with the liquid extracts of Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang. Then the effects of isolated ileum, pylorus-ligated and indomethacin-induced ulcer, gastric juice secretion, and transport abilities of the small and large intestine were studied. The following results have been obtained; 1. Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang showed to have an inhibitory effects on the smooth muscle contraction of the isolated ileum by acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride. 2. Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang showed to have an inhibitory effect on the contraction of the gastric fundus-strip by acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride. 3. The preventive effects were not recognized on the pylorus-ligated ulcer, by administration of Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang. 4. The preventive effects were recognized on the indomethacin-induced ulcer by administration of Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang. 5. The Inhibitory effects on the secretion gastric juice, free & total acidity, and pepsin output were recognized by administration of Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang. 6. The transport abilities in the small intestine were not recognized by administration of Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang. 7. The transport abilities in the large intestine were increased by administration of Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang. According to the above results, it is considered that the experimental effects of Wahngkigunchunghapleechungtang has correspond to the oriental medical literatures.

• Architectural research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2002

Recently, the coal-ash production has been increased by increase of consumption of electric power. So it is important to secure a reclaimed land from pollution and develop practical application of coal ash. This is an experimental study to compare and analyze the properties of concrete using high volume of coal ash (including fly ash and bottom ash) as a part of fine aggregate. For this purpose, the mix proportions of concrete according to replacement ratio of coal ash (10, 20, 35, 50%) were selected. And then air content, slump, setting time, bleeding content, chloride content, compressive strength and carbonation test were performed. According to test results, it was found that the bleeding content of concrete using the coal ash decreased according to increase of replacement ratio. And the chloride content of concrete using the bottom ash as a part of fine aggregate increased as the replacement ratio of bottom ash increased, but it is satisfied with the total chloride content of concrete recommended by KCI - $0.3kg/m^3$ below. Also, the compressive strength of concrete using the bottom ash was similar to that of plain concrete(BA 0) after 28days of curing and the carbonation depth of concrete increased as the replacement ratio increased. However, the carbonation depth of concrete using the fly ash decreased as the replacement ratio of fly ash increased.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.238-250
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• 1997

This study was done to investigate the clinical effects of Daegunchungtang on the peptic ulcer and the function of gastointestinal tract. The liquid extracts of Daegunchungtang was administerd orally to the rats and mice. Then the effects of isolated ileum, pylorus-ligated and indomethacine-induced ulcer, gastric juice secretion, and transport abilities of the small and large intestine, were studied. The following results have been obtained : 1. Daegunchungtang showed to have an inhibitory effects on the smooth muscle contraction of the isolated ileum by acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride. 2. Daegunchungtang showed to have an inhibitory effect on the contraction of the gastric fundus-strip by acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride. 3. The preventive effects were recognized on the pylorus-ligated ulcer, by administration of Daegunchungtang. 4. The preventive effects were recognized on the indomethacine-induced ulcer, by administration of Daegunchungtang. 5. The Inhibitory effects on the secretion gastric juice, free & total acidity, and pepsin-output were recognized, by administration of Daegunchungtang. 6. The transport abilities in the small intestine were increased, by administration of Daegunchungtang. 7. The transport abilities in the large intestine were not recognized, by administration of Daegunchungtang. According to the above results, it is considered that the experimental effects of Daegunchungtang has correspond to the oriental medical literatures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.745-753
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate design factors of the electrolysis reactor through the CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulation technique. Analyses of velocity vector, streamline, chloride ion concentration distribution showed differences in flow characteristics between the plate type electrode and the porous plate type electrode. In case of the porous plate type electrode, chlorine gas bubbles generated from the anode made upward density flow with relatively constant velocity vectors. Electrolysis effect was more expected with the porous plate type electrode from the distribution of chloride ion concentration. The upper part of the electrolysis reactor with the porous plate type electrode had comparatively low chloride concentration because chloride was converted to the chlorine gas formation. Decreasing the size and increasing total area of rectifying holes in the upper part of cathodes, and widening the area of the rectifying holes in the lower part of cathodes could improve the circulation flow and the efficiency of electrolysis reactor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2022.04a
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• pp.253-254
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• 2022

In this study, catechol-functionalized chitosan (Cat-Chit), a well-known bioinspired polymer that imitates the basic structures and functions of living organisms and biological materials in nature, was synthesized and combined with cement mortar in various proportions. The compressive strength, tensile strength, drying shrinkage, accelerated carbonation depth, and chloride-ion penetrability of these mixes were then evaluated. In the ultraviolet-visible spectra, a maximum absorption peak appeared at 280 nm, corresponding to catechol conjugation. The sample containing 7.5% Cat-Chit polymer in water (CPW) exhibited the highest compressive strength, and its 28-day compressive strength was ~20.2% higher than that of a control sample with no added polymer. The tensile strength of the samples containing 5% or more CPW was ~2.3-11.5% higher than that of the control sample. Additionally, all the Cat-Chit polymer mixtures exhibited lower carbonation depths than compared to the control sample. The total charge passing through the samples decreased as the amount of CPW increased. Thus, incorporating this polymer effectively improved the mechanical properties, carbonation resistance, and chloride-ion penetration resistance of cement mortar.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.2 no.1 s.4
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• pp.143-152
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• 2002

The objectives of this paper were to obtain the fundamental data to analyze the causes of deterioration of 39 freeway concrete viaducts in Seoul metropolitan area. To investigate the degree of concrete deterioration, carbonation depth, soluble chloride concentration in hardened concrete and half-cell potentials of reinforcement were measured. The number of structures which carbonation depth penetrates to reinforcement was 25% of total. The model of carbonation .ate was induced to 3.92 $\sqrt{t}$, which was 5% faster than 3.727 $\sqrt{t}$ assumed 60% water-cement ratio, R=1 in that of kishitani. After measuring chloride concentration in concrete, it was concluded that about 24% of all readings on samples from concrete exceed the critical content to minimize the risk of chloride-induced corrosion. About 31% of the freeway viaducts structures had a value lower than -350mV(vs. CSE), so it could conclude that the excessive chloride concentration was the major cause of reinforcement corrosion. Among the structures which measured half-cell potentials less than -350mV, about 50% exceeds the maximum acceptable limit of chloride concentration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1529-1533
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of applying alum (aluminum sulfate) and aluminum chloride on pH and pathogen populations of Hanwoo manure. A total of 36 steers (8 months old and averaging 300 kg in weight) were used in this trial and allotted to 9 pens (3 replication pens per group with 4 steers per experimental unit, $5{\times}8$ m). Chemical additives were applied as a top dressing with garden rake to a depth of 1 cm of manure with wood shavings in each treatment. The chemical amendments were control (without chemical amendments), 50 g of alum and 50 g of aluminum chloride/kg of Hanwoo manure. The experiment was carried out for 4 weeks. Adding alum and aluminum chloride to Hanwoo manure reduced (P < 0.05) pH compared to untreated controls during the 4-wk period. Both levels of the alum and aluminum chloride treatments tested decreased (P < 0.05) Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica populations in Hanwoo manure at 2 and 4 weeks. It appears that the reduction in pathogen populations was primarily associated with the lower manure pH. If more strict environmental regulations are put into effect regarding pathogen populations from Hanwoo facilities, treating Hanwoo manure with alum and aluminum chloride may be a good management practice.