• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.87-91
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• 1969

보리새우의 대량종묘생산을 목적으로 대형콘크리이트수조 A ($3.4\times1.9\times1.0m$)와 2개의 소형콘크리이트수조 B와 C($1.45\times0.85\times1.0$)를 이용하여 유생사육실험을 하였다. 1) 산난후 제1기 조이야까지의 발생기간은 사육수조에 차이없이 수온 $23^{\circ}C$ 내외에서 1.5-2일이 소요되었다. 그러나 조이야기 이후 차이가 생겨 Post-larva까지의 변태기간은 수조A에서는 산난후 19-20일, 수조B에서는 15-16일, 수조C에서는 16-17일이 각기 소요되었다. 2) 유생의 체장은 3개의 수조간에 차이가 없었다. 3) Post-larva는 산난후 36-40일경에 치하로 되었다. 4) 유생 사망률은 전유생 기간중 제1기조이야에서 제2기조이야로 변태하는 기간에 가장 높아서 수조A가$51.39\%$ 수조B가 $50.70\%$, 수조 C는 $31.90\%$를 나타내었으며 마이시스기이후는 비교적 안정된 상태를 나타내었다. 5) 노우플리우스기로부터Post-larva까지 기간의 유생 총사망률은 각수조 비슷하게 $75\%$ 내외를 나타내어 전체적으로 약 $25-30\%$의 종묘를 생산할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1614-1623
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• 2015

The objectives of the current experiment were to study the response of the growth performance of early finishing gilts to different net energy (NE) concentrations in diets, and to compare the NE values of diets between calculated NE values and measured NE values using French and Dutch CVB (Centraal Veevoederbureau; Central Bureau for Livestock Feeding) NE systems. In a metabolism trail, the NE concentrations in five diets used for the growth trial were determined based on digestible nutrient concentrations, digestible energy, and metabolizable energy using a replicated $5{\times}5$ Latin square design with 10 barrows (initial body weight [BW], $39.2{\pm}2.2kg$). In a growth trial, a total of 60 early finishing gilts (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire; initial BW, $47.7{\pm}3.5kg$) were allotted to five dietary treatments of 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, and 12.0 MJ NE/kg (calculated, as-is basis) with 12 replicate pens and one pig per pen in a 42-d feeding experiment. The NE and amino acid (AA) concentrations in all diets were calculated based on the values from NRC (2012). Ratios between standardized ileal digestible AA and NE concentrations in all diets were closely maintained. Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Results indicated that calculated NE concentrations in diets (i.e., five dietary treatments) were close to measured NE concentrations using French NE system in diets. The final BW was increased (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) with increasing NE concentrations in diets. Furthermore, average daily gain (ADG) was increased (linear and quadratic, p<0.01) with increasing NE concentrations in diets. There was a quadratic relationship (p<0.01) between average daily feed intake and NE concentrations in diets. Feed efficiency (G:F) was also increased (linear, p<0.01) as NE concentrations in diets were increased. The NE intake per BW gain (kcal NE/kg of BWG) was increased (linear, p<0.01) with increasing NE concentrations in diets that were predicted from both French and Dutch CVB NE systems. Linear regression indicated that predictability of daily NE intake from the BW of pigs was very low for both French ($R^2$, 0.366) and Dutch CVB ($R^2$, 0.374) NE systems. In conclusion, increasing NE concentrations in diets increase BW, ADG, G:F, and NE intake per BW gain of early finishing gilts. The BW of early finishing gilts is not a good sole variable for the prediction of daily NE intake.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.469-477
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• 2013

This study investigated effect of extract containing quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronopyranoside from Rumex Aquaticus Herba (ECQ) against chronic gastritis in rats. To produce chronic gastritis, the animals received a daily intra-gastric administration of 0.1 ml of 0.15% iodoacetamide (IA) solution for 7 days. Daily exposure of the gastric mucosa to IA induced both gastric lesions and significant reductions of body weight and food and water intake. These reductions recovered with treatment with ECQ for 7 days. ECQ significantly inhibited the elevation of the malondialdehyde levels and myeloperoxidase activity, which were used as indices of lipid peroxidation and neutrophil infiltration. ECQ recovered the level of glutathione, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and expression of SOD-2. The increased levels of total NO concentration and iNOS expression in the IA-induced chronic gastritis were significantly reduced by treatment with ECQ. These results suggest that the ECQ has a therapeutic effect on chronic gastritis in rats by inhibitory actions on neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation and various steps of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.224-233
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• 2012

The limiting sequence and relative ratio of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) for calves about 2 mo of age fed milk replacers (MR) containing soy protein are not clearly defined. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of supplementing MR containing 22% CP, half from soy protein concentrate (SPC, 40.56% CP, flour) and half from whey proteins, with Lys, Met, and Thr to estimate amino acid (AA) sequence and their relative ratio for calves about 2 mo of age. A method of partial deduction of AA was adopted. Twenty-four newborn calves (half males and half females, $40.7{\pm}0.9$ kg of BW) were fed 1 of 4 MR diets for 56 d (n = 6/diet). The diets were supplemented with all (positive control) or with 2 of the 3 AAs: Lys, Met and Thr, (i.e., PC (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Lys (22% CP, 1.64% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Met (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.50% Met and 1.80% Thr), and PC-Thr (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.26% Thr)). Calves were fed thrice daily; starter (20% CP, 1.03% Lys, 0.30% Met and 0.69% Thr), hay (3.23% CP, 0.29% Lys, 0.12% Met and 0.23% Thr) and water were offered free choice. Starter and hay were only offered beginning on d 36 (after 5 wk) and d 43 (after 6 wk), respectively. BW, body size and blood samples measures were taken every two weeks. Three-day total collection of feed refusals, feces, and urine were recorded starting at d 33 and d 54 of age, respectively. From the results, the limiting sequence and relative ratio between the 3 AAs in calves with different diet structures were calculated. The limiting sequence of the 3 AAs were ranked as Lys, Met and Thr; the proper ratio was 100:29:70 for MR-only diet and 100:30:60 for diets consisted of MR, starter and hay. Nitrogen digestion and utilization and nutrient digestibility were negatively affected by AA deletion treatments. From the evidence of this experiment, it did not appear that the AA limiting sequence was selectively altered by differences in diet structures such as would be encountered in practice. The relative ratio between the 3 AAs varied with the offer of starter and hay to calves, and the average ratio was 100:29.5:65 for calves during 2 to 10 wk of age.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2007

목초액 투여가 생체 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 조아제약에서 개발하여 특허출원한 목초액에서 조제한 시판 목초액 (원액 35% 상당)을 사용하여 0%, 1.0%, 25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%가 되도록 조제 (control, PL-1, PL-25, PL-50, PL-75 groups)하여 실험용 조제사료로써 8주 동안 자유 음용시킨 다음, 목초액의 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 목초액 투여에 의한 체중변화 및 사료 섭취률에는 유의적인 영향을 주지 못했다. 그렇지만, 혈청 중의 중성지질의 영향은 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군은 대조군 대비 20.5% 및 19.5%의 매우 유의적인 억제효과가 인정되었고, 목초액 PL-75 투여군도 대조군 대비 12%의 유의적인 감소효과가 인정되었다. 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군의 총콜레스테롤은 대조군 대비 79.3% 및 83.7%로서 20.7% 및 16.3%의 매우 유의적인 총콜레스테롤 억제효과가 인정되었다. 또한 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군은 20.3% 및 16.9%의 유의적 LDL-콜레스테롤의 억제효과가 인정되었을 뿐만 아니라 36.4% 및 25.5%의 HDL-콜레스테롤의 증가효과가 인정되었다. 목초액 PL-25 및 PL-50 투여군은 대조군 대비 각각 37.0% 및 50.0%로 매우 유의적인 동맥경화지수 (AI)의 억제효과가 나타났다. 따라서 목초액의 장기간 투여는 중선지질, 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL-콜레스테롤을 효과적으로 억제할 뿐만 HDL-콜레스테롤을 효과적으로 증가시켜 동맥경화지수(AI)도 효과적으로 억제할 수 있기 때문에 목초액의 장기투여는 성인병의 예방에 효과적일 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1973

Sodium chloride plays an important role as the main condiment at daily meal. It is well known that humans require sodium chloride as an essential nutrient to keep the homeostasis of electrolytes. The amounts of salt intake may be a reflection of geography, culture and food habit rather than necessity. Lee has reported (1962) that Koreans ingest high amounts of sodium chloride in their meals, with an intake of excess carbohydrate (80-90% of total Calories) and low protein in their diet. This includes large amounts of rice, Kimchi and other fermented soybean products common in the Korean diet. This investigation was designed to study the dietary relations of sodium chloride to other nutrients in the Korean diet. Twenty four albino male rats, weighing from 290-300g, were divided into four dietary groups according to the amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the basal diet. Each diet contained a rice powder as a carbohydrate source. Diet I was a control diet, Diet II, low protein, Diet III, low protein and low fat diet and Diet IV, low fat diet. All rats were provided with 3% sodium chloride solution. Diet and salt solution were given ad libitum. The experiment was carried out for 9 weeks during which time the body weight, the food intake, and 3% sodium chloride solution consumption were determined. At the 9th week, the urine was collected the blood sample from the artery of each rat for the analysis of sodium and potassium and other chemical studies. The rats were sacrificed and the kidney, adrenal, liver and spleen were measured, and observed changes of the pathological tissue in the kidney and adrenal. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate was higher in Diet I than in the other experimental diets (II, III and IV) after 4 weeks. There was no significant difference found between the experimental Diets II, III and IV. 2) The daily food intake was greater in the experimental diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. However, there was no difference among the high carbohydrate diets Diet II, III and IV. 3) The daily water (3% sodium chloride solution) intake was also greater in the Diets II, III and IV, than in the control diet. However, there was no difference between Diets II, III and IV. 4) The concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood were within the normal range in all diets. 5) The amount of sodium chloride in the urine was significantly greater in Diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. Diets II, III, IV had a larger amount of sodium solution consumption. 6) Observation of pathological tissue in the experimental diets found a cell proliferation in the glomerlulus of the kidney, while such change was not found in the control diet.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2003

Single and 28-day repeated dose toxicity studies of botulimnn toxin type A were carried out in ICR mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. In the single dose toxicity study, botulinwn toxin was injected intraperitoneally to male and female mice at a single dose of 40, 59, 89 133 and 200 ng/10 ml saline/kg. All animals died from 59 ng/kg group. Some clinical signs, such as decrease in locomotor activity, dyspnea, prone position and ptosis, were observed in most of both sexes from 59 ng/kg group, but no signs were seen in all animals at 40 ng/kg group. The results showed that the median lethal dose of botulinum toxin might be in the range of 40-59 ng/kg in both sexes. In the repeated dose toxicity study, the test material was administered intradermally for 28 days at doses of 0 (vehicle-treated control), 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and $10.0ng/head/50{\mu}{\ell}$ saline in male and female rats. No test material-related changes were noted in survivals, clinical signs, food and water consumptions and gross finding in any group. Botulinum toxin treatment significantly decreased the body weight gain rate in male of 5.0 ng/head group and over and in female of 10.0 ng/head group compared to vehicle-treated control. One or more relative organ weights (i.e., spleen, thymus, liver and kidney) were increased significantly from 5.0 ng/head group compared to vehicle-treated control in both sexes. Serum biochemistry revealed increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase, total protein and albumin in male, and increases in AST and ALT and decreases in $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ in female without dose-pendent manners. In the histopathological study, physical stimulation by needle caused slight inflammations of dennis. In addition, botulinum toxin treatment induced denervation of nerve cell and disuse of muscle, resulting in atrophy of skeletal muscle in both sexes from 2.5 ng/head group. When the antibodies to toxin were determined in all animals, a significant increase in serum antibodies was observed from 5.0 ng/head group. The results showed that the NOAEL of botulinum toxin might be 1.25 ng/head for 28-day repeated dose toxicity in rats.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.793-807
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of diethyl maleate(DEM) on the carcinogenesis of forestomach and pyloric glandular stomach in rats caused by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG). A total of 60 male 6-week-old Wistar rats were given twice intragastric injection of MMNG(200mg/kg BW), then were given diets containing 5% NaCl for 3 weeks until 4th week of the experiment. And then the animals of groups of 1 and 2 were placed on diets containing 0.2% DEM for 16 weeks until the end of 20 weeks of the experiment. On the other hand, the animals of groups of 3 and 4 were placed on basal diets for the same periods. The tissues of forestomach and liver of each group were frozen in liquid nitrogen and the activities of quinone reductase(QR) were determined by measurement of the dicoumarol-sensitive reduction of dichloro-indophenol by NADPH at 600nm. All rats were sacrificed at the end of 20 weeks of the experiment. Every animal was fasted for 24 hrs prior to sacrifice. The forestomach was fixed in 10% neutral phosphate buffered formalin for histology and the pyloric gland was fixed in sublimated formalin for immunohistochemistry of pepsinogen 1 altered pyloric gland(PAPG). The final body weight of the group given MNNG and treated with 5% NaCI and DEM was significantly decreased compared with that of the group 4(p<0.05). Food and water consumption rates were not significantly changed. The preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the forestomach given MNNG and treated with 5% NaCI and DEM were significantly increased compared to those of the group 4(p<0.0l). The incidence of PAPG in the groups treated with 0.2% DEM was significantly increased compared with that of the group 4(group 1:p<0.01, group 2:p<0.05). The activities of QR of forestomach in the groups treated with 0.2% DEM were significanitly increased compared with those of the group 4(p<0.001), but those of liver were not significant. These results indicate that DEM exert the enhancing effect of forestomach and glandular stomach carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with MNNG and NaCl.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.311-320
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• 1996

어린 숭어, Mugil cephalus에 대한 저염분 해수 및 담수 사육의 가능성을 알아보기 위하여, 전장 $4.8{\pm}0.6$ cm, 체중 $1.0{\pm}0.3$ g 및 전장 $13.6{\pm}0.2$ cm, 체중 $20.0{\pm}0.5$ g의 2군을 대상으로 염분농도별 성장과 생존율을 조사하고, 산소소비량 및 피부의 두께 등을 측정하여 생리활성을 서로 비교하였다. 1, 2차 실험 모두에서 $25\~75\%SW$의 저염 분구가 성장과 생존에 있어 $100\%SW$보다 좋은 편이었다. 그러나, 단계적 순치과정을 거치지 않고 $100\%SW$로부터 $0\%SW$로의 급격한 염분변화는 어체의 성장 및 생존율을 감소시키는 요인이 되었다. 일간사료섭식률은 $25\%SW$에서 $3.6{\pm}0.8\%$로 가장 높았다. 식욕에 있어서는 $50\%SW$에서 가장 높았다. 일간성장률은 $25\%\;SW$에서 가장 좋았고 ($2.7{\pm}0.9\%$), 다음으로 $50\%SW,\;100\%SW,\;0\%SW$이 순으로 나타났다. 염분에 따른 각 실험구별 어체의 표피와 진피의 두께에는 유의차가 없었으나, 지방층은 $0\%SW$의 실험어에서 $50\%SW$ 및 $100\%SW$의 숭어 보다 유의하게 두꺼웠다. 숭어의 산소소비량은 염분농도가 감소함에 따라 유의하게 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 염분농도별 숭어의 저산소 내성은 $0\%SW$에서 비교적 약한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 1998

우리나라 특산 어종인 꺽지의 산란습성, 초기생활사에 관하여 조사하였다. 산란기는 자연 상태에서 5~6월이며, 한 마리의 암컷이 여러 번 산란에 참여한다. 꺽지의 성숙한 어미들은 큰 돌 아래쪽에 알을 한층으로 점착하여 산란하며, 수컷이 부화하여 후기자어기까지 보호한다. 알의 크기는 2.60~3.04mm로 여러개의 유구를 가지고 있으며, 유구의 크기는 0.10~0.64mm이다. 부화는 사육수온 19$\pm$1.$0^{\circ}C$에서 수정후 380시간째부터 시작되어 392시간만에 완료된다. 부화직후의 자어는 전장 6.45~7.34mm(평균 6.85mm)로 입과 항문이 열려 있고, 흑색소포는 머리부분, 난황 윗부분, 복부의 등쪽에 분포한다. 부화후 3일째 자어는 평균 전장 7.25mm로 이때부터 Daphnia sp.와 Brachionus plicatilis를 왕성하게 섭이한다. 부화후 6일째의 자어는 전장 7.94~10.10mm(평균 9.00mm)로 난황은 대부분 흡수되어 후기자어기로 접어들며, 척색의 끝부분은 45도로 위로 굽어져 있다. 부화후 30일째의 자어는 전장이 16.90~19.80mm(평균 18.20mm)로 체고는 현저하게 높아지고, 모든 지느러미 줄기가 정수에 달하여 치어기로 이행한다. 부화후 50일째의 치어들은 전장이 24.60~27.10mm(평균 25.90mm)로 몸의 형태, 체색 및 옆줄이 완전하게 형성되어 성어에 닮아간다.