• 생약학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 1999

The hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaves using alloxan-induced diabetic mice was investigated. The hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaves was significantly affected with anaerobic incubation up to for 6 hrs. The body weight of mice treated with 20% anaerobic conditioned mulberry leaves was higher than that in the control group. Mulberry leaves which were treated with anaerobic condition significantly decreased blood glucose level in alloxan-induced type I diabetes mice. Furthermore, glucose tolerance was significantly recovered by feeding mulberry leaves anaerobically treated. Pathological analysis revealed that the disappearance of insulin-secreting beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans from the alloxan induced diabetic mice was strongly inhibited in the mulberry leaves feeding group. The content of 1-deoxynojirimycin increased up to 5% in detached mulberry leaves incubated under nitrogen gas for 6 hrs. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether the synthesis of 1-deoxynojirimycin is increased or the degradation of it is decreased. Overall, results obtained from this study indicate that the hypoglycemic effect was increased by the mulberry leaves with anaerobic treatment.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1995

보리의 내동성기작에 관여할 것으로 예상되는 반결빙단백질을 분리하기 위해서 저온순화기간 중에 세포밖 공간에 축적되는 단백질을 분리 및 비교하였다. 42일간의 저온처리를 통해 70, 21, 16, 14 KDa의 단백질과 10 KDa 이하의 연속된 크기의 단백질들의 축적이 증가됨을 확인하였다. 이들 단백질들은 3일간의 저온처리에서도 어느 정도 축적되었으나, 42일간의 처리시 그 양에 있어서 더욱 증가됨을 볼 수 있었다. 위 방법으로 얻어진 단백질을 전체 잎조직의 단백질과 비교하여 세포밖 공간의 단백질 추출방법의 정확도를 검증하였다. 또한 호밀의 저온처리시 세포밖 공간에 축적하는 단백질과의 비교를 통해 구성 단백질의 크기에 있어서 차이를 확인하였으나, 호밀과 보리에서 공통적으로 10 KDa 이하의 범위에서 연속적인 크기의 단백질이 축적됨을 볼 수 있었다. 알려진 광어의 반결빙단백질은 크기가 3300에서 33,000 dalton에 이르는 점으로 미루어 보리와 호밀에서 공통적으로 발견되는 10 KDa 이하의 단백질이 반결빙단백질로 작용할 가능성은 매우 높다. Griffith등(1992)은 호밀의 세포밖 공간 단백질중 일부에서 반결빙활성도를 확인하였고 보리와 호밀간의 해당단백질의 전체적인 profile에서의 유사성을 미루어 보리로부터 얻어진 세포밖 공간의 단백질에서 반결빙단백질을 발견할 가능성은 매우 높다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.417-421
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• 2016

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Panax ginseng breeding line 'G07006', showing higher salt tolerance, was confirmed by de novo assembly using whole genome next-generation sequences. The complete chloroplast (CP) genome size is 156,356 bp, including two inverted repeats (IRs) of 52,060 bp, separated by the large single-copy (LSC 86,174 bp) and the small single-copy (SSC 18,122 bp) regions. One hundred fourteen genes were annotated, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Among them, 18 sites were duplicated in the inverted repeat regions. By comparative analyses of the previously identified CP genome sequences of nine cultivars of P. ginseng and that of G07006, five useful SNPs were defined in this study. Since three of the five SNPs were cultivar-specific to Chunpoong and Sunhyang, they could be easily used for distinguishing from other ginseng accessions. However, on arranging SNPs according to their gene location, the G07006 genotype was 'GTGGA', which was distinct from other accessions. This complete chloroplast DNA sequence could be conducive to discrimination of the line G07006 (salt-tolerant) and further enhancement of the genetic improvement program for this important medicinal plant.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of various factors on smartphone addiction according to types of risk groups among middle school students. Methods: Data of 223 students were collected from February 1st to 22nd of 2020. The collected data were analyzed through t-test, χ² test, correlaton coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. The smartphone addiction scale was used to classify the participants into two groups; 18.8% (n=42) of the total respondents were categorized as the addiction risk group and 81.2% (n=181) were categorized as the general population group. Results: The factors associated with the students in the high risk group were grade (t=3.89, p=.036) and religion (F=3.79, p=.044). In the high risk group, psychological anxiety (β=.39, p=.005) and relapse of internet addiction (β=.38, p=.006) explained 46.0% of smartphone addiction, while in the normal risk group, relapse of internet addiction (β=.42, p<.001), psychological anxiety (β=.22, p=.004), tolerance of internet addiction (β=.17, p=.007), and academic stress (β=.14, p=.027) explained 51.0% of smartphone addiction. Conclusion: In order to prevent smartphone addiction in middle school students, a more specific nursing intervention is needed that can reduce psychological anxiety and relapse of internet addiction. It is clear that urgent measures need to be taken for the highly addicted students such as academic counseling.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.279-289
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• 2012

This study conducted a comparative analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Fosu and Benya lagoons in Ghana, based on the anthropogenic effect on the two lagoons. Salinity, oxygen, temperature, conductivity, turbidity and pH were measured, invertebrate richness and species densities were determined. The AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) and multivariate statistics were used to determine the different responses of fauna to pollution. The fauna were categorized into five ecological groups based on the degree of tolerance of the different species to pollution: disturbance-sensitive species; disturbance-indifferent species, disturbance-tolerant species, second-order opportunistic species; and first-order opportunistic species. The Fosu Lagoon supported more pollution tolerant species, whereas the Benya Lagoon had more species that were sensitive to organic enrichment under relatively unpolluted conditions. Chironomus sp., which is adapted to virtually anoxic conditions, was the most abundant in the Fosu Lagoon whereas Nemertea sp. was the most abundant in the Benya Lagoon. The numerical and relative abundance (%) of all 7 taxa in the Fosu Lagoon was 1,359 and 92.35%, respectively. The numerical and relative abundance (%) of all 34 taxa in the Benya Lagoon was 2,459 and 87.52%, respectively. Expectedly, the level of dissolved oxygen in the less saline Fosu Lagoon was higher than that in the more saline Benya Lagoon. The reduced photoperiod and photosynthetic activities of aquatic plants might account for this trend. There is a need to implement comprehensive monitoring and management initiatives for sustaining the ecological health of coastal lagoons in Ghana in order to support the many people that depend upon these ecosystems for their livelihood.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2013

The object of this study was to evaluate lotic ecosystem health using multiple eco-metric approaches such as water chemistry diagnosis, physical habitat health evaluations, and biological integrity modeling at 100 streams of four major watersheds. For the study, eight chemical water quality parameters such as nutrients (N, P) and organic material were measured and 11-metric models of Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) and multiple eco-metric health assessment model (MEHA) were applied to the four major watershed. Nutrient analysis of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in all watersheds indicated a eutrophic state depending on the locations of sampling streams. Physical habitat health, based on the QHEI model, averaged 114 (range: 56 - 194), judging as a "good condition" by the criteria of Plafkin et al. (1989). In addition, primary (H1 - H4), secondary (H5 - H7), and tertiary habitat metric variables (H8 - H11) were analyzed in relation to the physical habitat degradations. The plots of tolerant species ($P_{TS}$) and sensitive species ($P_{SS}$) to water quality showed that the proportions of $P_{TS}$ had positive linear functions with nutrients, and that the $P_{SS}$ had inverse linear relations with the chemical variables. The model of eco-metric health assessment showed that mean MEHA was 20.4, indicating a fair condition. Overall, our data suggest that water chemistry, based on nutrients and organic matter, directly modified the trophic structures in relation to food chain in the aquatic ecosystems, and then these directly influenced the compositions of tolerance/sensitive species, resulting in degradations of overall ecological health.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2017

N-type crystalline silicon solar cells have high metal impurity tolerance and higher minority carrier lifetime that increases conversion efficiency. However, junction quality between the boron diffused layer and the n-type substrate is more important for increased efficiency. In this paper, the current status and prospects for boron diffused layers in N-type crystalline silicon solar cell applications are described. Boron diffused layer formation methods (thermal diffusion and co-diffusion using $a-SiO_X:B$), boron rich layer (BRL) and boron silicate glass (BSG) reactions, and analysis of the effects to improve junction characteristics are discussed. In-situ oxidation is performed to remove the boron rich layer. The oxidation process after diffusion shows a lower B-O peak than before the Oxidation process was changed into $SiO_2$ phase by FTIR and BRL. The $a-SiO_X:B$ layer is deposited by PECVD using $SiH_4$, $B_2H_6$, $H_2$, $CO_2$ gases in N-type wafer and annealed by thermal tube furnace for performing the P+ layer. MCLT (minority carrier lifetime) is improved by increasing $SiH_4$ and $B_2H_6$. When $a-SiO_X:B$ is removed, the Si-O peak decreases and the B-H peak declines a little, but MCLT is improved by hydrogen passivated inactive boron atoms. In this paper, we focused on the boron emitter for N-type crystalline solar cells.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권8호
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• pp.1456-1463
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• 2010

The safety critical systems in nuclear power plants should be designed to have a high level of fault tolerant capability because those systems are used for protection or mitigation of the postulated accidents of nuclear reactor. Due to increasing of the system complexity of the digital based system in nuclear fields, the reliability of the digital based systems without an auto-test or a self-diagnostic feature is generally lower than those of analog system. To overcome this problem, additional redundant architectures in each redundant channel and self-diagnostic features are commonly integrated into the digital safety systems. The self diagnostic function is a key factor for increasing fault tolerant capabilities in the digital based safety system. This paper presents an availability and safety evaluation model to analyze the effect to the system's fault tolerant capabilities depending on self-diagnostic features when the loss or erroneous behaviors of self-diagnostic function are expected to occur. The analysis result of the proposed model on the several modules of a safety platform shows that the improvement effect on unavailability of each module has generally become smaller than the result of usage of conventional models and the unavailability itself has changed significantly depending on the characteristics of failures or errors of self-diagnostic function.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.649-653
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• 2014

대부분의 신뢰성 기반 최적설계는 최적설계 과정에서 설계점이 이동함에도 불구하고 설계변수의 불확실성은 변하지 않는다. 하지만 실제 문제에서 설계변수의 값에 따라 불확실성이 변하는 경우가 있다. 예를 들어 철판의 두께가 설계변수이고, 철판의 제작공차가 불확실성인 경우, 철판의 두께에 따라 철판의 제작공차가 달라지기 때문에 설계변수의 값에 따라 그 값의 불확실성이 변한다. 본 연구에서는 설계변수의 값에 따라 불확실성이 변하는 것을 변동 불확실성으로 정의하고, 이를 신뢰성 기반 최적설계에 적용하는 변동 불확실성을 고려한 신뢰성 기반 최적설계 기법을 제안한다. 수학예제에서 변동 불확실성을 고려하지 않은 신뢰성 기반 최적설계와 변동 불확실성을 고려한 신뢰성 기반 최적설계의 비교를 통해 제안한 방법의 필요성을 확인한다. 또한 엔진 크래들의 변동 불확실성을 고려한 신뢰성 기반 최적설계를 통해 제안한 방법의 유용성을 확인한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1675-1686
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• 2016

We characterized the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus helveticus strains KII13 and KHI1 isolated from fermented cow milk by in vitro and in vivo studies. The strains exhibited tolerance to simulated orogastrointestinal condition, adherence to Caco-2 cells, and antimicrobial activity. Both L. helveticus strains produced bioactive tripeptides, isoleucylprolyl-proline and valyl-prolyl-proline, during fermentation of milk. KII13 showed higher in vitro cholesterol-lowering activity (47%) compared with KHI1 (28%) and L. helveticus ATCC 15009 (22%), and hence, it was selected for in vivo study of cholesterol-lowering activity in atherogenic diet-fed hypercholesterolemic mice. For the study, mice were divided into four groups (viz., normal diet control group, atherogenic diet control group (HCD), KII13-atherogenic diet group (HCD-KII13), and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121-atherogenic diet group (HCD-L.ac) as positive control). The serum total cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 8.6% and 7.78% in the HCD-KII13 and HCD-L.ac groups (p < 0.05), respectively, compared with the HCD group. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both HCD-KII13 and HCD-L.ac groups were decreased by 13% and 11%, respectively, compared with the HCD group (both, p < 0.05). Analysis of cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression in mice liver showed increased expression of LDLR and SREBF2 genes in mice fed with KII13. By comparing all the results, we conclude that L. helveticus KII13 could be used as a potential probiotic strain to produce antihypertensive peptides and reduce serum cholesterol.