• Title/Summary/Keyword: tobramycin

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Selection of High Tobramycin-Producing Mutants (Tobramycin 고생산성 변이주의 분리)

  • 나규흠;김학주;김기태;양중익;김계원
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.343-347
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    • 1991
  • An improved method for the selection of high tobramycin-producing mutants of Streptomyces tenebrarius ATCC 17920 was investigated. By the use of apramycin-containing media, low nebramycin-producing mutants were eliminated. Strain No. 23, resistant to apramycin and kanamycin B and sensitive to tobramycin, was isolated from soils, identified as Pseudomonas paucimobilis and used as a test organism for overlaying the mutants on agar plate. While inhibition zones were not shown when the parent strains were overlaid with soft agar containing the strain No. 23, clear zones were shown when high tobramycin-producing mutants were overlaid. Using this screening strategy, 58 mutants showing clear zones had been isolated. antibiotic activities of which were incresed to 3~8 fold compared to that of parent strain.

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The Effect of Cephalosporins on the Stability of Gentamicin and Tobramycin in Human Serum (세파로스포린계 약물이 겐타마이신, 토브라마이신의 혈청중 안정성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, In Wha;Lee, Suk Hyang;Shin, Hyun Taek;Kim, Myung Min;Choi, Kyung Eob
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.28-31
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    • 1996
  • The in vitro inactivation of gentamicin and tobramycin by four cephalosporins (cefotetan, cefuroxime, cefodizime, cefotiam) in human serum was investigated. Each cephalosporin was added to human serum samples containing gentamicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate. Blank samples containing only aminoglycosides were used as controls. Samples were stored at -20, 4 and $25^{\circ}C$ and were analyzed for aminoglycoside concentrations by fluorescence polarization immunoassay ($TDxFLx^{TM}$ system) at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after mixing. The serum containing cefotiam stored at $25^{\circ}C$ showed significant inactivation of gentamicin by $12\%$ at 72 hours. The results indicate that cefotitan, cefuroxime and cefodizime do not inactivate gentamicin and tobramycin while cefotiam inactivates gentamicin.

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Pharmacokinetics of Tobramycin in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy (혈액암 환자에 있어서의 Tobramycin Pharmacokinetics)

  • Yeom, Mikyong;Shin, Wan-Gyoon;Lee, Min-Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.31-36
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    • 1991
  • Tobramycin is one of the most frequently selected agents for pharmacokinetic drug monitoring because of its narrow therapeutic index and essential role for the management of serious infections, especially gram-negative infections. Its pharmacokinetic parameters are dependent on race, sex, age, ideal body weight. disease states, and etc. Therefore, to schedule the dosing of tobramycin, the individual pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life and volume of distribution are needed. However, these pharmacokinetic parameters have never been reported in Koreans. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the volume of distribution of tobramycin in cancer patients who had normal renal function, to compare the mean values of Vd reported in the literature, and to compare the measured half-life with the expected half-life based on ABW, LBW, and IBW, respectively. Venous blood samples were collected just before and thirty minutes after dosing during steady state. Serum tobramycin concentrations were determined by $TD_x$ (fluorescence immunoassay). IBW were measured by the method of Devine: and LBW were measured by the method of Hallynck. Creatinine clearances (CLcr) of the patients were estimated using the Cockcroft and Gault equation. Elimination rate constants (kel) were determined using the Welling and Craig equation. Infusion rate (ko), volume of distribution (Vd), and half-life $(t_{1/2})$ were determined using the Saw chuk and Zaske equation. The volume of distribution Was $27\%$ greater than the Schentag's study (0.26 vs 0.33 l/kg), but the half-life was similar to the Levy's study. The predicted half-lives based on IBW were the closest to actual half-lives (1.85 vs 2.01 hr).

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Statistical Analysis of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tested on Various Clinical Isolates of Bacteria (임상검체에서 분리된 세균의 항생제 감수성에 관한 통계적 고찰)

  • Bae, Eun-Kyung;Jeon, Chang-Ho;Hong, Seok-Il;Kim, Chung-Sook
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.185-192
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    • 1986
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens during the period from June, 1983 to June, 1986 in Yeungnam Medical Center was studied and the following results were obtained. 1. Staphylococcus aureus was highly susceptible to cephalothin and its susceptibility to methicillin was gradually reduced. 2. Streptococcus strains except enterococcus were generally susceptible to penicillin, while most enterococci were suscesceptible to only ampicillin. 3. Gram-negative rods including Escherichia coli were highly susceptible to amikacin and tobramycin. 4. Serratia were generally less susceptible to the amtimicrobials tested than other Enterobacteriaceae. Among them, Serratia marcescens showed the highest susceptibility to amikacin and chloramphenicol. 5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed the highest susceptibility to amikacin and tobramycin and moderate susceptibility to carbenicillin and gentamycin. 6. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus revealed low susceptibility to most antimicrobials tested, showing only 30% susceptibility to amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin in 1986.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Domestic Dogs with Urinary Tract Infection (세균성 요로 감염증 애완견의 세균 분포 및 항생제 감수성)

  • Choi, Dae-Young;Choi, Dae-Sung;Jang, Hyung-Kwan;Song, Hee-Jong;Cho, Jeong-Gon
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.6-10
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    • 2010
  • Bacterial pathogens were isolated from dogs with urinary tract infection (UTI) in local animal hospitals between August 2003 and December 2009. Bacteria were isolated from urine of 47 dogs. The isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 27), Streptococcus spp. (n = 7), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 5), Enterobacter spp. (n = 3), Proteus spp. (n = 2), other species were 3 strains, respectively. E. coli were susceptible to imimpenem, polymyxin B, amikacin, cephalosporins, aztreonam, amoxicillin clavulate, cephalosporins, tricarcillin, and amoxicillin clavulate, while were resistant bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and novobiocin. Streptococcus spp. were susceptible to bacitracin, imimpenem, and trimethoprime-sulfa, while were highly resistant amikacin, cefotaxim, cefoxitin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, streptomycin, and tobramycin. Staphylococcus spp. were susceptible to cefoxitin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, imimpenem, and tobramycin, but were resistant aztreonam and tetracycline.

Isolation and Resistance Patterns of E. coli from Domestic Animals and Dranage in 1987 (가축 및 하천에서 분리한 대장균의 항균제내성)

  • Chung, Kyu-Sun;Lee, Yeon-Tae;Pio, Seog-Youn
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.73-79
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    • 1989
  • One hundred and sixteen strains of E. coli isolated from drainage in Seoul city in 1987 and 104 strains of E. coli isolated from stools of domestic animals in suburb of Seoul in 1987 were examined for susceptibilities to 10 antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. The susceptibilities of the two groups to each antimicrobial agent were compared and correlations in the antimicrobial susceptibility of the 220 strains of E. coli among the 10 antimicrobial agents were also analyzed. The frequency of resistance strains was highest to tetracycline with 77%, and followed by chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin and cephalosporin in the descreasing order, tanging from 62% to 10%. Strains resistant to tobramycin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin and amikacin occupied 3 strains, 2 strains, 2 strains and 1 strain respectively.

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Spreading of Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes among Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Chungcheong Province (충청지역의 임상검체로부터 분리된 대장균에 Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes 확산)

  • Sung, Ji Youn;Kwon, Pil Seung
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.136-142
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    • 2020
  • The antimicrobial resistance rate in bacteria has increased over the last several decades. The transfer of antimicrobial resistant determinants on mobile genetic elements could cause the accelerated emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacteria. This study investigated the aminoglycoside resistance determinants transferred by mobile genetic elements in a total of 33 aminoglycoside non-susceptible E. coli isolated from clinical specimens in Chungcheong province. 16S ribosomal RNA methyl-transferases (RMTases) and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) genes were detected via PCR and DNA sequencing. The most common AME genes were aac(3')-II gene (54.5%), followed by aph(3')-Ia (18.2%) and aac(6')-Ib (15.2%). None of the evaluated RMTase genes were detected in the 33 isolates. Seventeen of the 18 isolates harboring aac(3')-II gene were resistant to gentamicin, and 16 of them were resistant to tobramycin. The 5 isolates harboring aac(6')-Ib gene were all resistant to tobramycin. In this study, we confirmed that one of the important mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance in E. coli isolated from human is the acquisition of AME genes. Continuing investigations of antimicrobial resistant determinants in bacteria isolated from human may be required to prevent dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance rates changes according to the amount of the antimicrobial agent in clinically important strain isolated from blood cultures (혈액배양에서 분리된 임상적 주요 균주의 항균제사용량에 따른 내성률 변화)

  • Kim, Jae-Jung
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.653-659
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of the study is to investigate the correlation between the amount of antimicrobial agent (Defined Daily Dose, DDD) and antimicrobial resistance rate (%). The treatment of infectious diseases is becoming increasingly difficult, due to the increase in the number of multi-drug resistant bacteria, making it a clinically significant problem. Among the various factors, antimicrobial abuse is a major cause of antimicrobial resistance. The study was conducted on inpatients in a secondary university hospital in the central region utilizing the hospital's computerized statistical data and microbiological program of laboratory medicine from January 2010 to December 2014 pertaining to the dose of antimicrobial drugs for Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli strains isolated from blood culture. We analyzed the antimicrobial resistance rate per dose with the Pearson correlation coefficient. A significant (positive?) correlation was detected between the cefepime dose and the resistance of E. coli (P<0.033; r=0.907), while a significant negative correlation was found between the tobramycin dose and the resistance of E.coli. (P<0.028; r=-0.917). The aminoglycoside resistance of A. baumannii showed a significant negative correlation (P<0.048; r=-0.881), and the aminoglycoside resistance of E. coli showed a significant negative correlation as well (P<0.001; r=-0.992). In conclusion, the amount of antimicrobial agent (Defined Daily Dose, DDD) (is partly related to) the bacterial strain and its antimicrobial resistance rate (%).

Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated in Pusan (황색포도상구균의 항생제 내성 양상)

  • Kang, Jae-Sun;Moon, Kyung-Ho
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.122-125
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    • 1990
  • Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined for 14 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated at a hospital in Pusan during summer in 1989. Resistance to chloramphenicol or clindamycin was recorded in 100% of strains. Resistance to the other compounds tested was as follows: tetracycline 86%, gentamicin 79%, tobramycin 71%, kanamycin 71%, erythromycin 57%, ampicillin 57%, methicillin 50%, streptomycin 29%, cephalothin 29%, and trimethoprim 21%. All strains were sensitive to vancomycin and rifampicin. All strains showed multiple resistance to more than 3 antibiotics.

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