• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6477-6483
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• 2014

Background: Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco [smokeless tobacco, (ST)] that is commonly used in the Middle East especially in Saudi Arabia (KSA), Yemen and Sudan. The Substance Abuse Research Centre (SARC) at Jazan University noted that no adequate research and information on the prevalence of shammah use in the province of Jazan, and KSA as well, has been provided in the scientific literature. Materials and Methods: An intensive systematic review of online databases was performed, including AMED (The Allied and Complementary Medicine Database), Biological Abstracts, Cochrane Collection Plus, Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source, E-Journals Database, EBSCO Discovery Service, MEDLINE, PEMSoft, PEP Archive, PsycARTICLES, scopus, Sciencedirect and Google Scholar. Results: Shammah is a mixture of powdered tobacco, lime, ash, black pepper, oils and flavorings. ST in KSA is placed in the buccal or lower labial vestibule of the mouth. The user (or dipper) spits out insoluble debris. The importation of ST products is prohibited in KSA. Accessible information on legislative action to control the use of ST in KSA appeared in 1990. The actual percentage use may be higher, than reported since shammah is illegal in KSA and there may be some reluctance to admit to its use. Conclusions: This review paper is an initial step in a funded research project by SARC to understand the pattern of use of shammah and provide adequate epidemiological data. One goal of this review is to generate further data for public health education.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1986

Intra- and inter-specific protoplast fusion of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Virginia 115) and pea (Pisum sativum cv. Sparkle) were carried out in highly inhomogeneous alternating electric fields. Under the electric field of alternating current (AC, sine wave), 600 V/cm and 800 kHz for tobacco protoplast, and 600 V/cm and 700 kHz for pea protoplasts, the protoplasts were aggregated in pearl chains. Intra-specific protoplast fusions were most effectively induced within the aggregates of tobacco and pea, respectively, by the additional application of a single high field pulse of direct current (DC, square wave) at 1 kV/cm for 50 $mutextrm{s}$. Inter-specific fusions between protoplasts of the two plants were most effectively induced in the electric field of 600 V/cm and 700 kHz, and square wave pulse at 1 kV/cm for 50 $mutextrm{s}$. The duration of the pulse over the electrical breakdown voltages was simulated from 1 to 100 $mutextrm{s}$ in both tobacco and pea protoplast. The yield of the electrofusion products was significantly high (above 60%), compared with that (20%) of the standard fusion method by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4,000, and the viability of electrofused protoplasts was above 70%, but that of PEG-fused protoplasts 8~16%, when determined by Evan's blue staining method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.s01
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• pp.115-123
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• 1988

Ginseng has been used as a medicinal herb in the world for more than two thousand years. Inspection of the quality of ginseng was made since many hundred years ago. Ginseng quality has been graded by several methodes, based on saponin contents, number of ginsenosides, shape of root and tissue elaborateness. In present. ginseng products are usually evaluated by saponin contents and number of ginsenosides. On the other hand, fresh and manufactured ginseng roots such as red. white and semi-red ginseng, Taegeuk Sam, are mostly graded by root shape such as root development and skin (epidermis) color, and tissue elaborateness. which is a conventional grading method. However, the root shape grading method has a risk of overlooking real medicinal properties of ginseng. So. both the medicinal ingredients and the conventional grading method should be considered for the proper evaluation of ginseng quality. Therefore, for the establishment of better method in evaluating ginseng quality, the relationships of root shape and useful components are required to be studied.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.188-191
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• 1991

The mild hydrolysis of ginsenosie Re with 50% acetic acid gave a prosapogenin mixture, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2. The products were acetylated to give the peracetates, which were further converted into 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 by the alcoholic alkaline treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2016

Evidence shows that tobacco advertising and promotion activities may increase tobacco consumption and usage, especially in youth. Despite the regulation on prohibiting advertisement of any tobacco product, tobacco advertisement and promotion activities are still common in Vietnam. This article presents current exposure to tobacco advertising and promotion (TAP) among school children aged 13 to 15 years in Vietnam in 2014 and potential influencing factors. Data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2014 in Vietnam covering 3,430 school aged children were used. Both descriptive and analytical statistics were carried out with Stata 13 statistical software. Binary logistic regression was applied to explain the exposure to TAP among youth and examine relationships with individual factors. A significance level of p<0.05 and sampling weights were used in all of the computations. In the past 30 days, 48.6% of the students experienced exposure to at least 1 type of tobacco advertising or promotion. Wearing or otherwise using products related to tobacco was the most exposure TAP type reported by students (22.3%). The internet (22.1), points of sales (19.2) and social events (11.5) were three places that students aged 13-15 frequently were exposed to TAP. Binary logistic results showed that gender (female vs male) (OR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.52 - 0.71), susceptibility to smoking (OR = 2.12, 95%CI: 1.53 - 2.92), closest friends' smoked (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.2 - 1.7) and parents smoking status (OR = 2.83, 95%CI: 1.6 - 5.01) were significantly associated with TAP exposure among school-aged children. The research findings should contribute to effective implementation of measures for preventing and controlling tobacco use among students aged 13-15 in Viet Nam.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.216-216
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• 2002

Generally, tobacco smoking has noxious effects such as DNA damage, lung cancer induction, coronary artery disease. Nowadays, as concerns on health and longevity increases, a huge variety of products that aim to assist to quit smoking or reduce addictive symptoms such as nicotine patches are developed and manufactured with safely evaluation, but the safety of the most recent products of interest which do not contain tobacco and nicotine, and shape cigarettes is not evaluated and guaranteed relatively. In this study, we used H-menthol(nicotine free-tobacco fine) which are widely consumed through the world to evaluate the single and repeated dose inhalation toxicity and genotoxicity of H menthol (Nicotine free-tobacco free) herbal cigarettes provided by Cigastop Ltd. in ICR mice.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.132-137
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• 1993

Several Prosapogenins and sapogenins obtained by acid hydrolysis or alkaline cleavage of Korean red ginseng saponins were separated and identified by spectral and physical methods. Some of these degradation products showed the cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines, that is, A549, SK - OV - 3, L121O, P388 and K562. The significant difference of activity between stereoisooers was not approved and the activity was inversely proportional to the number of sugars binding to sapogenins. It was clear that diol type prosapogenins and sapogenins were more cytotoxic than triol type ones.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.66-76
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• 2008

생물학적으로 활성이 있는 물질들의 생체 내 대사를 이해하고 인체 독성 및 질환의 발현을 예측할 수 있는 가장 좋은 시험방법은 생체 내 독성 평가법이다. 담배연기의 생체 내 독성 평가법에는 14일 흡입독성시험, 90일 흡입독성 시험 및 피부도말 종양발생 시험 등이 있다. 90일 흡입독성 시험은 담배의 일반적인 독성 정보를 제공한다. 생체 내 독성평가는 담배 첨가물, 재료품 또는 제품 설계를 변경할 경우 담배연기 독성이 증가 또는 감소되었는 지를 평가할 수 있으며 이 결과는 제품보증에 활용될 수 있다. 캐나다의 독성평가자료 제출 및 EU 등의 담배첨가물에 대한 규제는 향 후 이런 생체 내 시험에 대한 지속적이고도 구체적인 요구를 할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.637-642
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• 2020

Fusarium wilt in tobacco caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae is a disease-management challenge worldwide, as there are few effective and environmentally benign chemical agents for its control. This challenge results in substantial losses in both the quality and yield of tobacco products. Based on an in vitro analysis of the effects of different phenylpropanoid intermediates, we found that the early intermediates trans-cinnamic acid and para-coumaric acid effectively inhibit the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae strain FW316F, whereas the downstream intermediates quercetin and caffeic acid exhibit no fungicidal properties. Therefore, our in vitro screen suggests that trans-cinnamic acid and para-coumaric acid are promising chemical agents and natural lead compounds for the suppression of F. oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae growth.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8265-8270
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• 2014

Background: Smoking tobacco is considered as a leading cause of preventable death, mostly in developing countries like India. One of the primary goals of international tobacco control is to educate smokers about the risks associated with tobacco consumption. Tobacco warning labels (TWLs) on cigarette packages are one of the most common statutory means to communicate health risks of smoking to smokers, with the hope that once educated, they will be more likely to quit the habit. Materials and Methods: The present survey was conducted to assess the effectiveness of TWLs in communicating health risks of tobacco usage among 263 adult smokers working as bus drivers in Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC), Mangalore, India. Information was collected on demographic details, exposure and response to health warnings on tobacco products, intention to quit and nicotine dependency. Results: The majority (79.5%) of the respondents revealed negative intentions towards quitting smoking. Nearly half of the participants had a 'low' nicotine dependency (47.5%) and 98.1% of the respondents had often noticed warning labels on tobacco packages. These health warnings made 71.5% of the respondents think about quitting smoking. Respondents who noticed advertisement or pictures about dangers of smoking had better knowledge, with respect to lung cancer and impotence as a consequence of tobacco. A higher exposure to warning labels was significantly associated with lower nicotine dependency levels of smokers among the present study population. A significantly higher number of respondents who noticed advertisement or pictures about the dangers of smoking thought about the risks of smoking and were more inclined to think about quitting smoking. As exposure increased, an increase in the knowledge and response of participants was also observed. Conclusions: Exposure to tobacco warning labels helps to educate smokers about health risks of tobacco smoking. It may be possible to promote oral health among bus drivers by developing strategies to educate them about these risk factors.