References
- Baker, R. R., Massey, E. D. and Smith, G. (2004) An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 42 Suppl: S53-S83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.001
- Bogen, K. T. and Witschi, H. (2002) Lung tumors in A/J mice exposed to environmental tobacco smoke: estimated potency and implied human risk. Carcinogenesis 23(3): 511-519 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/23.3.511
- Burger, G. T., Renne, R. A., Sagartz, J. W., Ayres, P. H., Coggins, C. R., Mosberg, A. T. and Hayes, A. W. (1989) Histologic changes in the respiratory tract induced by inhalation of xenobiotics: physiologic adaptation or toxicity? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 101(3): 521-542 https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(89)90200-7
- Chen, B. T., Benz, J. V., Finch, G. L., Mauderly, J. L., Sabourin, P. J., Yeh, H. C. and Snipes, M. B. (1995) Effect of exposure mode on amounts of radiolabeled cigarette particles in lungs and gastrointestinal tracts of F344 rats. Inhalation Toxicology 7(7): 1095-1108 https://doi.org/10.3109/08958379509002569
- Coggins, C. R. (2001) A review of chronic inhalation studies with mainstream cigarette smoke, in hamsters, dogs, and nonhuman primates. Toxicol. Pathol. 29(5): 550-557 https://doi.org/10.1080/019262301317226357
- EPA Guideline (1998) Health effects test guidelines OPPTS 870.3465 90-day inhalation toxicity. EPA 712-C-98-204
- Finch, G. L., Nikula, K. J., Belinsky, S. A., Barr, E. B., Stoner, G. D and Lechner, J. F. (1996) Failure of cigarette smoke to induce or promote lung cancer in the A/J mouse. Cancer Lett. 99(2): 161-167 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(95)04059-5
- Gaworski, C. L., Dozier, M. M., Heck, J. D., Gerhart, J. M., Rajendran, N., David, R. M., Brennecke, L. H. and Morrissey, R. (1998) Toxicological evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco: 13-week inhalation exposure in rats. Inhalation Toxicology 10(4): 357-3381 https://doi.org/10.1080/089583798197718
- Gaworski, C. L., Heck, J. D., Bennett, M. B. and Wenk, M. L. (1999) Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco: skin painting bioassay of cigarette smoke condensate in SENCAR mice. Toxicology. 139(1-2): 1-17 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00094-3
- International Organization for Standardization: International Standard
- ISO 3308, 1991a. Routine analytical cigarettesmoking machine
- Definitions and standard conditions, 3rd edition
- International Organization for Standardization: International Standard
- ISO 3402, 1991b. Tobacco and tobacco products -. Atmosphere for conditioning and testing, 3rd edition
- Kaegler, M., Anskeit, E., Teredesai, A., Vanscheeuwijck, P. and Terpstra, P. (2001) Suitability of different exposure regimens in inhalation studies with cigarette smoke. Abstract #2054. The Toxicologist 60(1): 431
- Lee, K. M. (2007) Characterization of cigarette smoke toxicity using rodent inhalation models. Presented at the International Symposium for the KOSTAS, October 5th
- National Toxicology Program (2006) Description of NTP study types. Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/index.cfm?obj ectid=72015DAF-BDB7-CEBA-F9A7F9CAA5 7DD7F5 Accessed 3-28-2006
- Organizaion for Economic Cooperation and Development (1981a) Test No. 412. Repeated dose inhalation toxicity: 28-day or 14-day inhalation study. In: OECD Guideline for Testing Chemicals. Paris: OECD
- Organizaion for Economic Cooperation and Development (1981b) Test No. 413. Subchronic inhalation toxicity: 90-day study. In: OECD Guideline for Testing Chemicals. Paris: OECD
- Roemer E., Tewes F.J., Meisgen T. J., Veltel D., and Carmines E. L. (2002) Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Food and Chemical Toxicology 40, 105-111 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00086-2
- Roffo, A. H. (1937) Der Tabak als Krebserzeugended Ageus. Deutsche Med. Wehnschr. 63: 1267-1271 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1121688
- Rustemeier, K. Demetriou, D., Schepers, G. and Voncken, P. (1993) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nicotine and its urinary metabolites via their 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric aicd derivatives. Journal of Chromatography 613, 95-103 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(93)80201-E
- Rustemeier, K., Stabbert, R., Haussmann, H. J., Roemer, E. and Carmines, E. L. (2002) Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2. Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food and Chemical Toxicology 40, 93-104 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00085-0
- Sagartz, J. W., Madarasz, A. J., Forsell, M. A., Burger, G. T., Ayres, P. H and Coggins, C. R. (1992) Histological sectioning of the rodent larynx for inhalation toxicity testing. Toxicol Pathol. 20(1): 118-121 https://doi.org/10.1177/019262339202000115
- Terpstra, P. M., Teredesai, A., Vanscheeuwijck, P. M., Verbeeck, J., Schepers, G., Radtke, F., Kuhl, P., Gomm, W., Anskeit, E. and Patskan, G. (2003) Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicology. J Appl Toxicol. 23(5): 349-362 https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.926
- St. Hilaire, C. L. (2007) LSRO report on scientific methods to evaluate potential reduced-risk tobacco products. St. Hilaire, C. L. ed., Life Sciences Research Office, USA
- Tricker, A. R. (2000) Toxicology of tobaccospecific nitrosamines. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science 27: 75-102
- Vanscheeuwijck, P. M., Teredesai, A., Terpstra, P. M., Verbeeck, J., Kuhl, P., Gerstenberg, B., Gebel, S. and Carmines, E. L. (2002) Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: subchronic inhalation toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 40(1): 113-131 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00089-8
- Wehner, A. P. (1989) Inhalation exposure of rodents to mineral fibers and cigarette smoke: What did we learn? In Biological Interaction of Inhaled Mineral Fibers and Cigarette Smoke, Wehner, A. P. and Felton, D. L. eds, Columbus, OH: Battelle Press
- Witschi, H., Espiritu, I., Maronpot, R. R., Pinkerton, K. E. and Jones, A. D. (1997) The carcinogenic potential of the gas phase of environmental tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis. 18(11): 2035-2042 https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.11.2035
- Witschi, H., Espiritu, I., Dance, S. T., Miller, M. S. (2002) A mouse lung tumor model of tobacco smoke carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Sci. 68(2): 322-330 https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/68.2.322
- Wynder, E. L. and Hoffman, D. (1963) Experimental aspects of tobacco carcinogenesis. Dis. Chest 44: 337-344 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.44.4.337
- Yoshimura, H., Yoshino, K., Lulham, G. W., Lee, K. M. and Renne, R. A. (2006) Comparision of cigarette smoke toxicity with various inhalation exposure regimens. Presented at the national Society of meeting.