• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 2003

Resibufogenin is a single compound isolated from the skin venom gland of the toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans cantor). Formulations containing toad venom have been widely used as complementary and alternative medicines. However, like digitalis, resibufogenin possesses both pharmacological and toxicological activities. Our previous data indicated that resibufogenin induces electro-toxicity, including delayed afterdepolarization and triggered arrhythmias at high concentration, both in cardiac fiber in vitro and in beating heart in vivo.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
• /
• pp.281.2-281.2
• /
• 2002

Chan Su the dried toad venom. has been used in Asian countries as the traditional medicine for the purpose of the alleviation of pain, cardiotonic diuresis. hemostasis and et al.. However, Chan Su is the special attention-needed medication because it is known to contain the highly toxic compounds such as bufotenine, an hallucinogen and aphrodisiac, and a series of bufadienolides, cardiotonic steroids that produce physiological symptoms similar to digoxin. (omitted)

• 한국동물학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.122-132
• /
• 1988

물두꺼비의 (Bufo stjnegeri Schmidt) 피부 과립선의 미세구조 및 분비과립의 형성과정을 광학 및 전자현미경으로 고나찰하였다. 과립선은 선강이 진피에 있고 선분비선이 표비와 연결되어 체외로 개구된 단포상선으로서 외부의 근상표피층과 내부의 선상표피층 이외에 세포연접장치가 발달된 다른 한 종류의 세포집단이 분비관 근처로 분포하고 있었다. 선상피세포는 세포간의 경계가 없는 다핵성 단세포의 형태로 관찰되었으며, 세포질내에는 방분분비에 의해 체외로 방출되는 과립성 분비물질들이 치밀하게 집적되어 있었다. 한겹의 한계막에 의해 둘러싸인 이 과립들은 선상세포의 기저부에 분포하는 활면소포체로부터 기원하며 형성단계에 따라 4종의 과립형이 구분되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.329-343
• /
• 1998

Early wound healing responses in the skin of the Korean fire bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, were examined using histochemical , scanning and transmission electron microscopical techniques. Cutaneous wounds were induced by sharp razor blade , and maintained in special cages for up to 3 days. By this treatment whole parts of epithelium and dermis were profoundly affected. After injury, retraction of damaged surface of the skin was observed. At 3 hours after injury, poly-band was form by mucous substance. The wound skin consisted of mucous gland secreted mucous substance which flows into wound cavity and the wound area was sealed by mucous substance which form thick layer at 6 hours. It appeared that natural disposition showed acid and neutral mucous substance by reaction of PAS and Alcian blue (pH 2.5) staining. After formation of the poly-band, epithelial cells were formed by migration of regenerating epithelial cells. These cells moved over the wound surface by migration at 12 hours after wounding. Poly-band was much increased in thickness and migrating cells were completely formed wound closure at 24 hours post-wounding. After 72 hours regenerated epithelial layer consists of four or five cell layers which are similar to clear, granular, and spinous layer.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.52-65
• /
• 2012

Objectives: Toad venom, called Chan-Su, is a traditional Oriental medicine secreted from the auricular and the skin glands of the Bufo bufo gargarizanz Cantor or B. melanosticus Schneider and has been widely used in China, Korea and other parts of Asia for the treatment of pain, heart conditions, and cancer. We examined the concentrations of the main chemical constituents within a commercially available toad venom product and compared the levels for different extraction methods. Methods: Toad venom was extracted using either cold or hot water, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), or ethyl acetate (EtOAc), was fractionated using precipitation or reflux, and was then analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HTLC), and liquid chroma-tography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Individual components were identified by comparisons of the retention times, the ultraviolet spectra, and mass spectras and differences in chemical constituents for different solvents and extraction methods are presented. Results: Components with authentic standards, including serotonin and bufodienolides (cinobufagen, bufalin, cinobufalin, and resibufogenin), were detected. The water extract of toad venom contained the greatest amount of serotonin ($75.7{\pm}0.1$ mg/g), but very small amounts of bufodienolides ($3.8{\pm}0.0$ mg/g). In contrast, the use of MeOH or EtOH extraction solutions resulted in 5-26 times higher concentrations of bufodienolides, with only trace amounts of serotonin. The relative and the absolute concentrations of the component also varied based on the extraction method; i.e., EtOH extracts yielded the greatest total amounts of bufodienolides, and EtOAc precipitation had the lowest amounts of bufodienolides. Conclusions: Toad venom consists of serotonin and several bufodienolides, and the choice of solvent to extract chemical the constituents is important as a way to enrich the purported active components for treating different conditions.

• 한국습지학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.32-40
• /
• 2024

본 연구의 목적은 함정트랩으로 포획된 맹꽁이 개체들의 형태적 특성을 분석하여 맹꽁이의 기초적인 정보를 수집하는 것이다. 연구 대상지는 서울특별시 강동구 고덕동 일대로, 이곳에 서식하는 맹꽁이를 대상으로 2016년 7월부터 2020년 11월까지 총 4년간 포획함정(pitfall trap)을 이용하여 총 1,063개체를 포획하였다. 맹꽁이는 길이(SVL)를 통하여 성체와 미성숙 개체를 구분하였으며, 성체를 대상으로 성비와 성별에 따른 형태 차이를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 성체 수컷은 모두 배면에 한 쌍의 흰띠가 관찰되었으며, 암컷은 배면에 알이 확인되었다. 선행연구들을 통해 배면에 한쌍의 흰띠는 수컷의 생식선(Gonads)으로 판단 되었으며, 일부 미성숙 개체들에서도 확인되었다. 이러한 배면에 위치한 한 쌍의 흰띠 존재 유무로 맹꽁이의 성별을 구분할 수 있었으며, 이는 현장에서 확인 가능한 성별 구분방법으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 연구기간 동안 성체 성비는 수컷 697개체(65.57%)와 암컷 366개체(34.43%)가 확인되어 수컷이 더 많은 것으로 확인되었다. 이와 같은 맹꽁이의 성비와 암수 구분 방법은 추후 맹꽁이의 종 복원과 개발로 인한 이주, 대체서식처 모니터링뿐만 아니라 다양한 생태연구와 기초적인 자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국동물학회 1999년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
• /
• pp.83.1-83
• /
• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.93-96
• /
• 2008

In recent years, we frequently observed missmatched pairs between male Asian toads, Bufo gargarizans, and bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, at the toad breeding ponds, where scramble competition for mating occurred among the male toads. Thus, we performed two-choice experiments to investigate recognition ability of mates and species in male toads. The test males did not discriminate sexes, but the clasped stimulus males immediately produced release calls and stopped it while the clasped stimulus female did not. In addition, the test male toads did not discriminate reproductive state of females and even species. However, male toads chose larger individuals. The present results indicate that the main reason of missmatched amplexus by the male toads is due to 1) the lack of recognition cues of conspecifics, 2) the lack of communication tools like release calls, and 3) the larger size of bullfrogs than male toads themselves.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.361-365
• /
• 1998

Antimicrobial peptides are widely distributed in nature and appear to play important roles in the host defense of plants and animals. In this study, we isolated and characterized three antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis. These purified peptides were referred to as P1, P2, and P3 in order of their elution. P1, P2, and P3 have molecular weights of 2569, 2566, and 2370 Da by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer, respectively. They are heat-stable, amphipathic peptides of 24-27 amino acids without cysteine residues. All three peptides are active against representative gram negative and gram positive bacterial species, and in particular, P1 appears to have distinctive antifungal activity. However, no significant hemolytic activity was found for these peptides.

• Journal of Species Research
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2014

The number of features related to morphology, distribution of habitats, biotopical distribution, and biology of species reproduction (within the territory described) of the Mongolian toad (Bufo raddei) which inhabits western shore of Lake Baikal were described. In this paper on the basis of the results of field studies in 1997, 2001, 2005, 2012 the original data on reproduction and chemical composition of the spawning ponds, used by frogs for reproduction, is presented. It was found that reproduction of species occurs in the salty steppe (14-45 g/L) lakes in the west part of the Baikal basin.