• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.763-768
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• 1990

The gradient and depth of tin at the side of glasses by float process were measured. The effects of tin to ion exchanged of glasses in the molten salt of KNO3 and AgNO3 were presented by means of Ag+ ion penetration depth, diffusion coefficient variation, spectral transmittance and color coordinates. The diffusion coefficient of Ag+ ion of tin side was higher than air side, and the activation energy of tin side was 0.2-0.6Kcal/mole lower than air side. Therefore Ag+ ion penetration depth of tin side is 2-10$\mu\textrm{m}$ deeper, hence it can be seen that tin promote Ag+ ion diffusion. The same treatment of ion exchange, reddish-brown oflong wavelength in case of tin present, yellowish-amber of short wavelength in case of tin absence were revealed.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.174-179
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• 2012

In this study, we demonstrated a simple and eco-friendly method, including mechanical polishing and attrition milling processes, to recycle sputtered indium tin oxide targets to indium tin oxide nanopowders and targets for sputtered transparent conductive films. The utilized indium tin oxide target was first pulverized to a powder of sub- to a few- micrometer size by polishing using a diamond particle coated polishing wheel. The calcination of the crushed indium tin oxide powder was carried out at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, based on the thermal behavior of the indium tin oxide powder; then, the powders were downsized to nanometer size by attrition milling. The average particle size of the indium tin oxide nanopowder was decreased by increasing attrition milling time and was approximately 30 nm after attrition milling for 15 h. The morphology, chemical composition, and microstructure of the recycled indium tin oxide nanopowder were investigated by FE-SEM, EDX, and TEM. A fully dense indium tin oxide sintered specimen with 97.4% of relative density was fabricated using the recycled indium tin oxide nanopowders under atmospheric pressure at $1500^{\circ}C$ for 4 h. The microstructure, phase, and purity of the indium tin oxide target were examined by FE-SEM, XRD, and ICP-MS.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

Most of the domestic need for tin rely on imports. In this work, a pyrometallurgical process was investigated to recover pure tin from the tin oxides in tin bath which results from the production of flat glass and LCD panel. From the results on the effect of reaction temperature, the highest recovery percentage of tin was obtained at $1350^{\circ}C$. The recovery percentage of tin was improved to 88% by employing the first and second smelting step. Electrorefining of the crude tin thus obtained led to pure tin with purity higher than 99.9%.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2023

Tin perovskite solar cells have attracted a lot of attention due to their potential to address the toxicity of lead, which is the biggest barrier to commercialization of perovskite solar cells. Unlike other lead-free perovskite, tin perovskite have a direct bandgap, which is suitable for use as light harvesting, and relatively good stability, which has led to a lot of attention. Since the first tin perovskite solar cell was reported in 2014, it has achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency of 14.81%. However, this efficiency is still low compared to that of lead perovskite solar cells, and the stability of tin perovskite solar cells is also an issue that needs to be addressed. In this review, we will discuss the basic properties of the tin atom in comparison to the lead atom, and then discuss the crystal structure, phase transition, and basic properties of tin perovskite. We will then discuss the advantages, applications, challenges, and strategies of tin perovskite, In particular, we will focus on how to prevent the oxidation of tin, which is arguably the biggest challenge for using tin perovskite solar cells. At the end, we summarize the key factors that need to be addressed for higher efficiency and stability, emphasizing what is needed to commercialize tin perovskite solar cells.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.04b
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• pp.202-204
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• 2002

디지털 지형 모델은 크게 세가지로 구분되는데 이들을 이용하면 여러 가지 분석 작업을 할 수 있다. 그 중 하나인 TIN은 데이터 양이나 계산의 정확도 면에서 커다란 장점을 가진다. 그런데 TIN을 구성하고 있는 삼각형이 기형적인 모형을 하고 있거나 분석 작업에 필요한 정보가 제대로 구성되지 않으면, 정확한 분석 작업을 수행 할 수가 없다. 특히 등고 데이터로부터 점 데이터를 추출해 TIN을 구성하게 되면 그러한 현상이 두드러지게 나타난다. 본 논문에서는 TIN을 생성할 때 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 좋은 TIN이 가져야 하는 속성을 나열하고 그러한 속성을 가질 때 어떤 점에서 좋은지 서술하고자 한다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2003

TIN is applied in pondage calculation and topography analysis. And much processing time and storage capacity are needed because TIN contains information as elevation, slope and aspect. In the construction of TIN using contour, weed tolerance that is used for the simplification of line is influenced on the sampling distance of contour. The processing time and storage capacity of TIN are calculated in according to the weed tolerance of various size in this research. And we estimated OEMs standard error that is created from TIN to present reasonable weed tolerance and decided the size of weed tolerance that satisfy DEM standard error. We got TINs weed tolerance that satisfy DEM standard error(5m) was 70m and DEMs resolution is 20m as estimation result.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.592-599
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• 2010

A porous nickel-tin nano-dendritic electrode, for use as the anode in a rechargeable lithium battery, has been prepared by using an electrochemical deposition process. The adjustment of the complexing agent content in the deposition bath enabled the nickel-tin alloys to have specific stoichiometries while the amount of acid, as a dynamic template for micro-porous structure, was limited to a certain amount to prevent its undesirable side reaction with the complexing agent. The ratios of nickel to tin in the electro-deposits were nearly identical to the ratios of nickel ion to tin ion in the deposition bath; the particle changed from spherical to dendritic shape according to the tin content in the deposits. The nickel to tin ratio and the dendritic structure were quite uniform throughout the thickness of the deposits. The resulting nickel-tin alloy was reversibly lithiated and delithiated as an anode in rechargeable lithium battery. Furthermore, the resulting anode showed much more stable cycling performance up to 50 cycles, as compared to that resulting from dense electro-deposit with the same atomic composition and from tin electrodeposit with a similar porous structure. From the results, it is expected that highly-porous nickel-tin alloys presented in this work could provide a promising option for the high performance anode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Thin film electrode consisting purely of porous anodic tin oxide with well-defined nano-channeled structure was fabricated for the first time and its electrochemical properties were investigated for application to an anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. To prepare the thin film electrode, first, a bi-layer of porous anodic tin oxides with well-defined nano-channels and discrete nano-channels with lots of lateral micro-cracks was prepared by pulsed and continuous anodization processes, respectively. Subsequent to the Cu coating on the layer, well-defined nano-channeled tin oxide was mechanically separated from the specimen, leading to an electrode comprised of porous tin oxide and a Cu current collector. The porous tin oxide nearly maintained its initial nano-structured character in spite of there being a series of fabrication steps. The resulting tin oxide film electrode reacted reversibly with lithium as an anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. Moreover, the tin oxide showed far more enhanced cycling stability than that of powders obtained from anodic tin oxides, strongly indicating that this thin film electrode is mechanically more stable against cycling-induced internal stress. In spite of the enhanced cycling stability, however, the reduction in the initial irreversible capacity and additional improvement of cycling stability are still needed to allow for practical use.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 2013

Tin and Tinoxide nanoparticles were prepared by arc-discharge nanopowder process. The negative electrode were fabricated using Tin and Tinoxide nanopower. The microstructure and electrochemistry properties were investigated and compared between Tin and Tinoxide. The oxidation film has microstructure of core/shell type and the shell which was attached around Tin nanoparticle consisted of amorphous $SnO_2$. The shape of Tinoxide nanoparticles was formed with irregular shape in comparison with Tin particle. Initial discharge capcity of Tinoxide electrode possesed about 1000mAh/g, which is about 320mAh/g higher than Tin electrode. Irreversible capacity of Tin electrode is much higher than Tinoxide. The cycle performance of Tinoxide electrode was indicated that is batter than Tin. The Tin negative electrode lost most of capacity after 4 cycle but Tinoxide electrode still retained the capacity. The Tinoxide does show some promise as Li-ion battery anode due to their large reversible capacity at low potentials.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.537-544
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• 2001

In the present study, tin-zinc alloys were coated on a cold-rolled steel sheet with variations of electrolyte concentration, additives quantity and current density employing the Hull cell and circulation cell simulator. With an addition of additives of 2m1/L, tin-zinc deposits containing 10 to 40 percent Zn revealed a good surface appearance with weak acidic electrolytes. The organic additives suppressed the Sn deposition rate and thus increased the zinc contents in tin-zinc coating layers. The zinc contents in the tin-zinc coating layers depended almost linearly on the concentrations of metal ions of tin and zinc. Temperature of the electrolyte affected the composition tin-zinc coating layer. However, the concentration of complexants revealed little effectiveness. The surface morphology of tin-zinc coating showed dense tin and zinc phases with fine equiaxed grains with the high current density.