• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2024

Timer options are financial instruments proposed by Société Générale Corporate and Investment Banking in 2007. Unlike vanilla options, where the expiry date is fixed, the expiry date of timer options is determined by the investor's choice, which is in linked to a variance budget. In this study, we derive a pricing formula for hybrid options that combine timer options, digital options, and power options, considering an environment where volatility of an underlying asset follows a fast-mean-reverting process. Additionally, we aim to validate the pricing accuracy of these analytical formulas by comparing them with the results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we conduct numerical studies on these options to analyze the impact of stochastic volatility on option's price with respect to various model parameters.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.9-19
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• 2019

As light-weight embedded devices become widely used in the area of low-power networking and high-precision sensor data acquisition, support for time-critical applications becomes essential for the light-weight embedded devices. This paper addresses the accuracy issue of a software timer for small or tiny embedded devices equiped with light-weight MCUs(Micro controller units). We first explore the characteristics of overhead in a typical implementation of a software timer, and then measure the overhead through a realistic implementation. Using the measurement result, we propose an overhead compensation technique which reduces the overhead from the hardware timer-tick.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.48-54
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• 2023

Nowadays, a blind man finds it very difficult to cross the roads. They should be very vigilant with every step they take. To resolve this problem, Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) is a best method to analyse the data and automate the model without intervention of human being. In this work, a traffic signal recognition system is designed using CNN for the visually impaired. To provide a safe walking environment, a voice message is given according to light state and timer state at that instance. The developed model consists of two phases, in the first phase the CNN model is trained to classify different images captured from traffic signals. Common Objects in Context (COCO) labelled dataset is used, which includes images of different classes like traffic lights, bicycles, cars etc. The traffic light object will be detected using this labelled dataset with help of object detection model. The CNN model detects the color of the traffic light and timer displayed on the traffic image. In the second phase, from the detected color of the light and timer value a text message is generated and sent to the text-to-speech conversion model to make voice guidance for the blind person. The developed traffic light recognition model recognizes traffic light color and countdown timer displayed on the signal for safe signal crossing. The countdown timer displayed on the signal was not considered in existing models which is very useful. The proposed model has given accurate results in different scenarios when compared to other models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.470-473
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• 2007

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have merged to become one of the most promising applications of wireless ad hoc networks. A defer timer has been used in some of existing network protocols to solve a set of problems in WSNs. We first investigate the use of a defer timer to fully take the advantage of it in WSNs. We demonstrate that by properly setting up the defer timers, many difficult issues in sensor networks, such as power limitation, the broadcast storm problem, and the construction of the virtual backbone, can be easily tackled with only the help of simple localized information at each node. In this paper, we present the power of a defer timer in the design of dominating set construction protocol for broadcasting. The ns 2 computer simulations are carried out for performance study.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.513-519
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• 2003

In order to deliver multicast traffic efficiently, multicast routing and reliable transmission mechanisms are required. The reliable delivery implies that lost packets must be retransmitted, which in turn requires that transmitted packets be stored in a retransmission buffer. Therefore how to manage a retransmission buffer is important and, in this paper, we try to solve the problem of how many packets should be maintained in the buffer. Our proposed scheme, the timer-based buffer management (TBM), maintains only necessary amount of buffer based on the timer value calculated from the NAKs between the replier and receivers on a multicast tree and can adjust to the dynamic network conditions. By performing simulations, we show that TBM manages the buffer efficiently regardless of the error situation, network size, and so on.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Water drainage from the open hydroponics often causes significant environmental pollution due to agrochemicals and loss of water and nutrients. The objectives of this study were to show the potential application of an irrigation schedule based on threshold values of volumetric substrate water content for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Samsamgu') cultivation in a commercial hydroponic farm during spring to summer cultivation. This study was performed for minimizing effluent from coir substrate hydroponics using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor-automated irrigation, as compared with an integrated solar-radiation (IR) and conventional timer-irrigation (TIMER) after transplanting. In results, no significant difference in daily irrigation volume was found among the treatments until 88 days after transplant (DAT). However, during the 88 to 107 DAT, the daily irrigation volume was in the order of IR (2125 mL) > TIMER (2063 mL) > FDR (1983 mL), and during the 108 to 120 DAT, it was in the order of IR (2000 mL) > TIMER (1664 mL) > FDR (1500 mL). The lowest drainage volume was observed in the FDR treatment with the order of IR (12~19%) > TIMER (4~12%) > FDR (0~7%) during the entire growing period. A lower irrigation volume in the FDR treatment after 88 DAT may be due to the sensor's detecting capacity for less water absorption by plant after completing fruit maturity with apical pruning and removal of lower leaves, while a higher irrigation volume in the IR treatment may be due to gradual increase in integrated solar-radiation amount as closer to summer season. There was no significant difference in plant growth and fruit yield among the treatments; however, a 11% and 18% of higher soluble sugar content was observed in the FDR than that of TIMER and IR treatment. respectively.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.247-250
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• 1998

In this paper, a special kind of timer-controlled network is analyzed. A timer-controlled network with an immediate response scheme is modeled and analyzed. It is assumed that each station on the network has single buffer and individual finite number of maximum retransmission limit. The physical meanings of derived results are briefly explained, which prove that the results completely coincide with the physical operations of that kind of network. It is also shown by computer simulations that derived analysis results are valid.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.109-126
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• 1998

We analysed the determinants of part-timer labor demand and supply in Kwangju. The findings of the paper are as follows; First, firms employ part-timer workers in the unskilled or skilled jobs not demanding much training cost. There are two reasons for firms to employ part-time workers: labor cost cut and flexible employment adjustment. Estimated wage differential is 40% not including fringe benefits differential. Second, we find lots of married women to want part-time jobs. The more probably married women choose part-time work, the younger and the less educated they are, and the less kids and the less other income they have.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.219-226
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• 2019

One of the most widely studied protocols for tactical ad-hoc networks is Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). As for OLSR research, most research work focus on reducing control traffic overhead and choosing relay point. In addition, because OLSR is mostly dependent on link detection and propagation, dynamic Hello timer become research challenges. However, different timer interval causes imbalance of link validity time by affecting link lifetime. To solve this problem, we propose a weighted topology graph model for constructing a robust network topology based on the link validity time. In order to calculate the link validity time, we use control message timer, which is set for each node. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is able to achieve high end-to-end reliability and low end-to-end delay in small networks.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.47-55
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• 2013

Most of the applications implemented in embedded systems use timers equipped in MCU. The purposes of timer usage of the applications lie in a wide range of areas such as implementing software timers of real-time operating systems to measuring processing time of sensors. The elapsed times measured by the applications are various in length as well as in precision ranging from several us to several hundreds of ms. The paper analyzes the timing error factors caused by un- synchronizing timer clock pulse when timers are manipulated, and proposes a method of how to synchronize timer clock pulse to reduce the timing errors. As a result of an experiment, this paper shows that an error of 230us is reduced within 10us in case of appling the proposed method to a 4096Hz timer prescaled from 32768Hz by 8.