• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2020

With the ever-increasing height of timber buildings, the complexity of timber as a structural material gives rise to behaviors not previously studied by engineers. An urgent call is needed regarding their performance in damage scenarios: activating alternative load paths in tall timber buildings is not the same as in tall buildings made with steel and concrete. In this paper we propose a robustness framework covering all building materials, whose application in timber may lead to new conceptual designs for the next generation of tall timber buildings. Qualitatively, the importance of building scale and the distinction between localized and systematic exposures are discussed, and how existing supertall structures can be an example for future generations of tall timber buildings. Quantitatively, the robustness index is introduced alongside a method to calculate the performance of a given building regarding robustness, in order to find the most cost-effective structural solutions for improved robustness. A three-level application recommendation is made, depending on the importance of the building in question. Primarily, the paper highlights the importance of conceptual design to achieve structural robustness and encourages the practicing engineering community to use the proposed framework to quantitatively come up with the new generation of tall timber buildings.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.60-69
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• 2013

Timber is an eco-friendly material that is suitable for low carbon and green growth, and recently, studies on utilization and manufacture of timber are increasing. Thus, we need a stable supply of wood working materials for the formative element and widespread function of timber. It is necessary to develop the use of timber because it enhances the added value of this material by making the most of it. In this way, skin-timber is an appropriate material for life articles because skin-timber has a variety of functions including the ability for storage use, the beauty of structure, the ability to maintain heat and insulation, and the capability to control humidity. In this study, I developed household items using skin-timbers that are made up of circular columns and square columns of pine, larch, and yellow popular. The circular and square columns have an inner hole that is approximately 90% of the external structure's width. I intended for the concept of these designs to display creativity considering functionality and productivity. These items are life articles and furniture for modern people. They are eco-friendly products that are varnished with traditional lacquer and natural oil. According to the result of this study, skin-timbers are made of domestic pine, larch, and yellow popular and are resource of furniture, household items, and woodcraft. I believe skin-timber is not only a useful material for processability and design applicability, but it also has the capability to be a multifunctional and high value-added material. Also, if the standards, such as cortex thickness, outside diameter, and length, of skin-timber are producted diversely, I believe skin-timber can be have more the possibility of industrial products' development.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.304-312
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• 2018

This study investigates to identify the impact factors of timber production cost on the relationship between production cost components and revenues generated by evaluating the entire timber supply chain. In this research, selected 13 logging zones as target areas and classified 14 forest production cost factors, six groups. Additionally, established 13 externalenvironmental factors with related stakeholders and forestry experts. And the BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) method was then used to analyze the economics of each zone. Filled up a checklist and rated using 5 point scale for each target region, and extracted major cost factors for the production economy of the item. The analysis of major cost factors in the timber production revealed that wood grab equipment usage fee was the first ranked and forest trees purchase cost was ranked in the $2^{nd}$Also, the $3^{rd}$ranking was logging expenses, and transport cost, which accounted for 84% of the total cost, was ranked in the $4^{th}$. In addition, the rock land ratio, slope, timber payment (forest trees purchase cost), special timber, ratio of timber, DBH (Diameter at Breast Height), and mixed forest ratio were the factors that most affected the timber supply chain cost.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.655-662
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• 2019

This study evaluated the multi-bonding performances of timbers as well as those of reinforcement and timber to obtain data for preparing guidelines regarding the use of timbers as large structural members. For the multi-bonding performances of timbers, four types of bonding surfaces were prepared according to the pith position. For the bonding performances of FRP (fiber-reinforced plastic)/steel plate and timber, a total of 11 types of specimens were produced for the selection of the appropriate adhesive. The bonding performances of the produced specimens were evaluated through a water soaking delamination test, a water boiling delamination test, and a block shear strength test. The test results showed that the bonding strength of the bonding surface according to the pith position was highest in the specimen for which the two sections with the pith at the center of the cross-section on timber and between the bonding surfaces (the tangential and radial sections were mixed) were bonded. Furthermore, the specimens for which the section (radial section) with the pith on the bonding surface of the timber was bonded showed a high delamination percentage. The results of the block shear strength test showed that the bonding section did not have a significant effect on the shear strength, and that the measured wood failure percentage was higher than the KS standard value. The PVAc adhesive showed the highest bonding strength between larix timber and GFRP (glass FRP). Furthermore, the epoxy and polyurethane adhesives showed good bonding strength for CFRP (carbon FRP) and structure steel, respectively.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.541-547
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• 2011

Korean building industry was developed by concrete and steel construction. However, concrete and steel have some problems which low carbon storage capability and difficulty of recycling. According to many studies, timber has high carbon storage capability, high recycling capability and sustainable supporting capability. Focus on this factors of timber, make new wall structure as Green Timber Wall panels and check the shear performance to use wall system in housing construction such as light-weight timber construction and nondearing wall on other construction. In the results, B-4-B and B-4-S show similar modulus of shear stiffness on the table. GH-4-GH has slip shape failure mode between Green Timber Wall boards. GH-4-GV has most stable characteristic curve than other specimens.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2020

This paper reflects on the structural design of Haut; a 21-storey high-end residential development in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Construction started in 2019 and is in progress at the time of writing. Upon completion in 2021, Haut will be the first residential building in the Netherlands to achieve a 'BREEAM-outstanding' classification. The building will reach a height of 73 m, making it the highest timber structure in the Netherlands. It contains some 14.500 ㎡ of predominantly residential functions. It features a hybrid concrete-timber stability system and concrete-timber floor panels. This paper describes the concepts behind the structural design for Haut and will touch upon the main challenges that have arisen from the specific combination of characteristics of the project. The paper describes the design of the stability system and -floor system, the analysis of differential movements between concrete and timber structures and wind vibrations. The paper aims to show how the design team has met these specific challenges by implementing a holistic design approach and integrating market knowledge at an early stage of the design.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2023

The use of Engineered Wood Systems (EWS), especially mass-timber, as a structural alternative or complement to steel and concrete is gaining interest and acceptance across different sectors of architecture, engineering, and construction, including in high-rise buildings. Focussing on the Australian context, this study examines the levels of adoption and barriers to using timber as a primary structural material in multi-storey buildings. Data collected from semi-structured interviews with stakeholders at the forefront of adoption in structural design, construction, and property development indicates that timber in multi-storey projects in Australia still faces industry-wide challenges. Designers' awareness and attitudes towards timber adoption are generally positive and suitable for flagship projects, including tall buildings, but for enduring and widespread impact, long-term investment in education within and outside the range of stakeholders already committed to promoting timber adoption is needed.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.235-244
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• 2020

Ascent, a 25 story residential tower located in Milwaukee, WI (USA), will become the tallest timber building in the world upon completion. This paper discusses the project's structural system, permit process, groundbreaking project specific testing, and several of the challenges the team overcame, all of which open the door to future Mass Timber projects; particularly in the United States.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1981

과거(過去) 27년(年)(1953~1979년(年))동안 우리나라의 목재수요탄력성(木材需要彈力性)은 소득(所得)의 증감(增減) 및 가격변동(價格變動)에 대응(對應)해서 어떻게 변화(變化)되어 왔는지를 검토(檢討)하기 위하여 경제성장(經濟成長)의 단계(段階)를 3기간(期間)으로 구분(區分), 소득탄력성(所得彈力性) 분석(分析)을 하였으며 그결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 1953~79년간(年間)에 있어서 총목재수요(總木材需要)의 소득탄력치(所得彈力値)는 1.87, 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 -0.47이었다. 그리고 해(該) 기간중(期間中) 내재수요(內材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 각각 0.09, -0.30이었으며, 외재수요(外材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 각각 2.50, -0.11을 나타내었다. 2. 전란후(戰亂後) 경제회복기(經濟回復期)인 1953~61년간(年間)에 총목재수요(總木材需要)의 소득탄력치(所得彈力値)는 2.11, 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 -0.86이었다. 해기간중(該期間中) 내재수요(內材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 각각 -2.94, -0.57이었고, 외재수요(外材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 각각 1.20, 0.43이었다. 3. 경제재건기(經濟再建期)인 1962~71년간(年間)에 총목재수요(總木材需要)의 소득탄력치(所得彈力値)는 2.89, 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 -0.20이었다. 해기간중(該期間中) 내재수요(內材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 각각 1.38, -0.25였고, 외재수요(外材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 각각 3.54, -0.42였다. 4. 고도경제성장기(高度經濟成長期)인 1972~79년간(年間)에 총목재수요(總木材需要)의 소득탄력치(所得彈力値)는 1.07, 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 0.17이었다. 해기간중(該期間中) 내재수요(內材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 모두 0.12였으며, 외재수요(外材需要)의 소득(所得) 및 가격탄력치(價格彈力値)는 각각 1.22, 0.17이었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2010

기존의 중공재에 비해 다량의 목질부를 제거하여 천공한 스킨 팀버는 짧은 건조시간과 건조 결함 발생이 적은 점, 상당히 낮은 수준(MC 8~9%)까지 함수율을 떨어트릴 수 있다는 이점, 약제 주입처리의 용이함, 한옥을 포함한 중목구조의 대단면 경량 구조부재로서의 사용 가능성, 다양한 가구나 생활용품으로의 가능성 등 많은 장점을 가지고 있는 재료이다. 하지만 고부가가치 재료로 사용되기 위해서, 그리고 일반 소비자들에게 구조적 신뢰감을 제공하기 위해서는 스킨 팀버를 하이브리드 구조부재로 만들 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 가능한 얇은 철판을 사용하여 소나무와 낙엽송 개량 스킨 팀버를 제작하고 압축 성능을 분석하였다. 이에 따른 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다: 1. 소나무와 낙엽송 개량 스킨 팀버의 경우 무처리 스킨 팀버에 비해 재료 성능의 균일성을 가져올 수 있었다. 2. 소나무나 낙엽송 개량 스킨 팀버 모두 철판두께별 압축 성능의 유의차가 존재하지 않아 두꺼운 철판을 사용 할 필요성이 없다고 판단되었다. 소나무 개량 스킨 팀버와 낙엽송 개량 스킨 팀버간의 압축 성능 역시 유의차가 존재하지 않아 사용자의 기호에 따라 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 4. 소나무 개량 스킨 팀버의 경우 다양한 파괴 형태를 보였지만 낙엽송 스킨 팀버의 경우 전체적으로 splitting의 파괴 모드를 보이는 것이 특징이었다.