• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.618-630
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• 2018

The contemporary shoes have been progressively trying a variety of designs using patterns as well as the formative change. However, for making those patterns secure the continuing values as the design having global competitiveness without being a temporal trend, it is required to develop the patterns which reflect the unique identity of Korea. Such development can be realized through the analysis on the traditional patterns of Korea. The patterns are the symbol of collective values. The traditional patterns implicitly express the philosophical thinking of members in a society as having been inherited up to now. Thus, this paper analyzed the gilt bronze shoes in Three Kingdoms Era using the patterns as unique design elements among traditional shoes of Korea. The symbolism of those patterns was expressed as transcendence of time and space, harmony of spirit and materials, and convergence of a region and religion. On the aspect that our ancestors interpreted and overcame the bounds of nature around human beings, pursued the ideal beyond reality and accepted a variety of thoughts, it is considered that the patterns used in gilt bronze shoes expressed anthropocentricism, idealism and inclusivism.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.37-49
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• 2010

The Samguk-yusa(三國遺事) is one of the two classics of Korean ancient history together with the Samguk-sagi(三國史記); however there has not been any positive attempt to analyse clothing culture centering on the Samguk-yusa until now. Thereupon, this study aims to find the records related to fabrics, color and fashion appearing in the Samguk-yusa, and to analyse the fashion culture of the three kingdoms projected in the Samguk-yusa, referring to the Samguk-sagi and ancient Chinese reference books. According to the records in the book, the fabrics used for clothing of those days included Jikgeum-wimun(織錦爲紋), Geum(錦), Chaebaek(彩帛), Osaek-geumchae(五色錦彩), Geumbaek(錦帛), Geumsam(錦衫), Ma(麻), Neung(綾), Geum-su-neung-ra(錦繡綾羅), Poh(布), Daecho, Bira-geumjeom(緋羅金點), Gyeon(絹). Japchoe(雜綵), Robtyeom(羅緋染). Chimilpoh(緻密布), Gi(綺) and Whan(紈), and they had colors such as brown black(緇), black(黑), purple(紫), yellow(黃), blue(碧), clear white(素), white(白), five colors(五色). There is substantial amoung of report on Buddhism, and the terms used for Buddhist clothing included Beobeui(法衣), Nabeui(衲衣), Bangpoh(方袍), Gasa(袈裟) and Yueui(由衣). It is also ascertained that Gasa had a variety of Bira-geumjeom-gasa(緋羅點袈裟), Manap-gasa(摩納袈裟) and Geumra-gasa(金羅袈裟).

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.161-180
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• 2007

The goal of this study is to examine what sort of books people read repeatedly, what are the different preferences between men and women, how much the repeatedly-read books are related to the most memorable books and how the repeatedly-read books are connected to reading habits. A questionnaire was provided to college students and their repeated reading experiences were searched. The results of the statistical analysis are summarized : 1) Most college students have experienced repeated reading more than twice. 2) The number of college students who have experienced repeated reading twice is the highest and next, those who have read repeatedly 3 times. Also, the number of times of repeated reading tends to be similar between male and female students. 3) The books which many students read repeatedly more than twice are : a) Romance of 3 Kingdoms b) Little Prince c) Da Vinci Code d) Alchemist e) Chinese nine spine stickle back f) Meu Pe do Larania Lima g) Harry potter. 4) About half of the students have read the most memorable books many times. 5) The importance of books was evaluated on the basis of the number of repeated readers and the number of readings. The order of the important books is Three Romans of 3 kingdoms, Little Prince, Da Vinci Code, Meu Pe do Larania Lima, Tuesdays with Mollie, Harry Potter, and The Myth of Greece and Rome. 6) The preferred books by male college students are mostly the stories of fighters while female likes books that contain deep emotion and morality. More than half of the males' repeated reading was Romance of 3 Kingdoms while the preferred books of females are distributed widely.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.35
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• pp.138-158
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• 2002

To compare and analyze technical system related to manufacturing of ironware during the period of the Three Kingdoms, an analysis was conducted on the minute system of metalwork, as study objects, of the remains of the Mt. Wolpyeong fortress wall in Daejeon in the period of capital during the era of the Three Kingdoms in the 5th century, the Sanwol-ri remains in the 6th century in Gunsan and the remains of ironware excavated from the great ancient tomb of Hwangnam of the Silla dynasty in the 5th century. The result of analysis shows that in the most of the casting products, the minute system of white cast iron were contained. While the iron part of decarbonization was in the system by casting as white cast iron in the central part, on the surface layer it was turned out that comparatively uniform 100% pearlite system of about 1~2mm degree was existing. The part of pearlite on the surface layer was caused by decarbonization, which appears in all the parts of blade front end and handle. Therefore, it was found that the iron part of decarbonization was manufactured by casting, and then was processed at the high temperature by decarbonization. For the products of forging, after processing the products on the basis of pure iron for materials, they manufactured the ironware that raises the strength by carbonizing that keeps carbon infiltrated on the necessary part, by the method of black smith welding that add pure iron to steel, or by varying the method of heat processing onto the part required of strength. Though limited, we could understand that the technical systems for manufacturing skill of ironware in the areas of Baekje and Silla were different each other. In the technical system for Hwangnam great ancient tomb in the Silla area, it is found that they had raised the strength on the necessary part by applying the steelmaking method of carbonizing in the last stage of production of products, in the meantime in Baekje area, it appears that they had produced steel in advance in the first stage of production of the products, and used the produced steel only to the necessary part.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.65
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• pp.31-55
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• 2005

Ring type Bit(圓環蠻) is a specific bit that an independent Wonhwan(ring, 圓環) plays the role of the bit stopper. In three-kingdom especially 6th century A.D., It was in fashion throughout the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, The form is various accordi

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.63-88
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• 2007

The purpose of this writing is to examine the places and instruments of the dissection for deformed animal carcasses excavated in shellfish stacks of the period of the Proto-Three Kingdoms(삼한) and the Three Kingdoms(삼국). The remains were chosen, which had been excavated and finished in the analysis of the animal carcasses, and the main objects are all shells and deer, especially among Mammalia. As the result, the dissection of shells was not taken place in the habitats of the animals, but inside or around of the residence of the people. For deer, too, it was done in the public place or specific area around and inside the residence. As concerns the method of dissection for shells, for Pelecypoda(부족류), represented by Meretrix lusoria(백합), the inner meat was taken out by wrenching the shell with a kind of small knives, or by boiling, and sometimes by cracking the middle of the shell in the case of big Meretrix lusoria and Dosinorbis japonicus(떡조개). For Rapana venosa(피뿔고둥), representative of Gastropoad(배발류), the people broke the top or some parts of the body to get the inner meat or used some kind of needles and stylus to pick the inner meat out after boiling. Abalones‘ meat was attached firmly to the shell, so very sharp and proper metal instruments were used to take the meat out Relatively small-sized Reishia clavigera(대수리),Top shell(밤고둥) meats were taken out by breaking the top parts after boiling, then sucking the meats, or by picking them out by using needles and stylus in the original shape. In the case of large Mammalia like deer, in the full consideration of the point that deer itself are used in various ways, they were dissected in the order of skinning, taking out the internal organs, cutting front and rear legs, separating joint parts and meats, extracting bone-marrow by 철정, 철부, ironed hand knife in very delicate ways. It seems that skinning, and front and rear legs' cutting were taken place in the place around the residence, on the other hand joint parts' separating and bone-marrow extracting in the residence. The tools for the dissection were confirmed to be hand-knife, honed ax, hammer stone, bondstone, needles and stylus, and some other sharp instrument. They were used properly according to objects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.5 s.95
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• pp.78-86
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• 2005

Marek(말액) is the headgear, which is a form of hempen hoods[Geon(건)] and the origin of it is Pa(파) of band form. A history book of an old Chinese country Post-Han $\ll$ History of HouHan (후한서)$\gg$ had recorded that a soldier wore a red band around his head that was called Pa(파). In the Han dynasty(한대), Pa had been transformed into Chaek(책) or a kind of a hemp rap(건) while e headgear had still remained as the band form and called Marek from e Tang era(당). The literatures of the Tang era had referred the red Marek of soldiers, and other literatures of the later period had recorded that of the previous headgears of the band form were related with Marek. Since the Tang era, white or yellow Marek except red one fer soldiers had been were by soldiers, musicians, dancers and singers in Yuan(원) and Ming(명) of China. The colors was recorded in red on documents mostly, this red implicated soldiers for symbol of terror. This fart was documented in an old history book $\ll$The history of 25 Eras(이십오사)$\gg$, On the other side, a wall painting in Princess Jeonghyo(정효공주)'s tomb of the Parhae(발해) period described the portraits of twelve persons, and among them, two Siwui(시위) put on the red Marek. Quoted from the record of a history book of the Tang era system , a history book of Three Kingdoms(삼국시대) of ancient Korea $\ll$Samguksaki(삼국사기)$\gg$ described that four dancers of Kogryo(고구려) wore Marek on their heads with the costumes of Koguryo, one of those Kingdoms. In consideration that the book of $\ll$Tongjun$\gg$ was the literature of the Tang era so that Marek mentioned in this book was followed by their name, the Marek of Koguryo dancers shown in the history book $\ll$Samguksaki(삼국사기)$\gg$ might be a kind of Koguryo style hemp cap[Geon(건)]. The Marek of Parhae had succeeded to the headgear of Koguryo and the identity was on Koguryo.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.153-162
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• 2011

This study analyzed and examined the entries of natural disasters recorded in Samguk-sagi in relation to the mythological thoughts. In the ancient Korean view of nature thought the Three Kingdoms surveyed their view on nature in terms of natural calamities and terrestrial upheavals. In the first place, I came to know that the important natural disasters such as droughts, floods, hails, locusts, earthquakes, landslides, storms uprooting trees, tornado recorded in Samguk-sagi have something in common with the entries of natural disasters in the ancient Chinese histories. Accordingly, they interpreted natural disasters in terms of good omens and heavenly punishments. The king refrained from luxurious food and drink, released prisoners or reduced their sentence as a sign of his benevolence. they thought that natural disasters were caused by the heavenly instruction due to lack of virtue on the part of the king. I think that these were acts of ritual on the part of the king as a ruler to fulfill his responsibility for a benevolent administration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.2 s.111
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• pp.59-68
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• 2007

It seems that Balhae(渤海) had built up its national power through the international relationship from the early years of an establishment of a dynasty. And the envoys that were sent with the official duties dressed up the official uniform for a diplomatic courtesy. Accordingly, this study will be considered about the official uniform in the early years of the Balhae era. The system of the official uniform of Balhae was classified into two form as the starting from $739\sim742$ A.D. The official uniform of the early years of the Balhae($698\sim739$ A.D.) was based on the costume of the three Kingdoms[三國時代], that is, Yu, Go(待), Jo-u-gwan(鳥羽冠). These results were available owing to the reasons that the Balhaehad succeeded the culture of Go-gu-ryo(高句麗), which was the basis for the development of Parhae's own culture, and the most of the governing group and the ruling class in Balhaewere the drifting people from Go-gu-ryo. After that, which the 3th King Mun(文王), acrepted the Tang's culture positively, assumed the reins of government ascended the throne and the brisk exchange with Tang(唐) by the envoys and Suk-wui(宿衛) were dispatched to Tang, the official uniform of the Balhaewas transformed into the system of Tang. This system was similar to that of Tang in point of using a four colors and the items as Danryeong(團領), Bokdu.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.40-52
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• 2023

The basic purpose of building material called tiles is waterproofing and damp proofing, and they were restricted to use on important buildings to symbolize authority. This is especially true during the Three Kingdoms period, although unearthed examples are rare. Most of these tiles are found in ruins in the Silla and Baekje regions. Tiles were excavated from the Buwon-dong ruins that show the oldest manufacturing technique in the Gaya region to date, and tiles from the early Three Kingdoms period were recently excavated from the Gimhae Bonghwang-dong ruins, which is presumed to be the site of the royal palace of Geumgwan Gaya. These are important materials that show the appearance of tiles from the early days of Gimhae, the ancient capital of Geumgwan Gaya. The tiles excavated from the Bonghwang-dong ruins are reddish-yellow because a small amount of sand was mixed in the tile material and baked at a low temperature. The tiles are thin, no traces of fabric were identified, but traces of clay bands were identified. Tapping tool marks and traces of an anvil used in pottery production are clearly observed on the inside and outside, indicating that the tiles were made in the same way as earthenware manufacturing methods. If this is connected to the genealogy of the potters who made Gaya earthenware, it is estimated that tiles and earthenware were produced together as in the Songrim-ri ruins in Bulo-dong, Incheon, Songgok-dong ruins in Gyeongju, and Mulcheon-ri ruins. To date, tiles excavated from the Gimhae area have been identified only in places believed to be the Geumgwan Gaya City Wall (Royal Palace) in the Gimhae Basin. Considering what has been recorded so far and the geographical scenery, the Bonghwang-dong remains are the only city wall candidate site, and this is clearly revealed through the existence of the excavated tiles, which proves this. Considering that a small number of tiles were excavated during this time, it is estimated that the role of tiles as a luxury product with a symbolic meaning was greater than that of roofing materials, and there were strict restrictions and controls on its use.