• Iberoamérica
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.55-91
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• 2021

This article dealing with the political participation of Argentine Conservative Protestants tried to examine the effect of such political participation on democratic values and order. To this end, it focused on the subject of religious equality and freedom, and issues of same-sex marriage and sex education. First, the demands of the Protestants, who insisted on the equal treatment of all religions by correcting the religious discrimination policies, a legacy of the colonial era and the military regime, are very natural and self-evident, when we presuppose the value of a democratic society based on political equality and human rights. It can be said that it has contributed to the democratization of society by aiming to solve the old problems of society. But when it comes to same-sex marriage and sex education, things are quite different. Without considering the social situations of the socially disadvantaged or minorities, or the legislative purpose of defending their rights, they insist on only their teachings of scriptures or ethics, even within Protestantism, there is a disagreement on interpretation. These theocratic views and exclusivist attitudes can seriously infringe on the human rights or freedoms of people of different religions, or different choices about marriage or sexuality, among other things. It can be a serious threat to democratic order and values.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2023

Alien species are known to threaten regional biodiversity globally, which has increased global interest regarding introduction of alien species. The Ministry of Environment of Korea designated species that have not yet been introduced into the country with potential threat as alert alien species to prevent damage to the ecosystem. In this study, potential habitats of Esox lucius and Maccullochella peelii, which are predatory and designated as alert alien fish, were predicted on a national basis. Habitat suitability was evaluated using EHSM (Ecological Habitat Suitability Model), and water temperature data were input to calculate Physiological Habitat Suitability (PHS). The prediction results have shown that PHS of the two fishes were mainly controlled by heat or cold stress, which resulted in biased habitat distribution. E. lucius was predicted to prefer the basins at high latitudes (Han and Geum River), while M. peelii preferred metropolitan areas. Through these differences, it was expected that the invasion pattern of each alien fish can be different due to thermal preference. Further studies are required to enhance the model's predictive power, and future predictions under climate change scenarios are required to aid establishing sustainable management plans.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.936-939
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• 2022

As air combat system technologies developed in recent years, the development of air defense systems is required. In the operating concept of the anti-aircraft defense system, selecting an appropriate armament for the target is one of the system's capabilities in efficiently responding to threats using limited anti-aircraft power. Much of the flying threat identification relies on the operator's visual identification. However, there are many limitations in visually discriminating a flying object maneuvering high speed from a distance. In addition, as the demand for unmanned and intelligent weapon systems on the modern battlefield increases, it is essential to develop a technology that automatically identifies and classifies the aircraft instead of the operator's visual identification. Although some examples of weapon system identification with deep learning-based models by collecting video data for tanks and warships have been presented, aerial vehicle identification is still lacking. Therefore, in this paper, we present a model for classifying fighters, helicopters, and drones using a convolutional neural network model and analyze the performance of the presented model.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 2022

Supply chain attacks target critical infrastructure, causing large amounts of damage and evolving into a threat to public safety and national security. Accordingly, when establishing cybersecurity strategies and policies, supply chain risk management is specified to enhance security, and the US Biden administration recently issued the Executive Order on Improving the Nation's Cybersecurity, SBOM was mentioned as part of the guidelines for strengthening software supply chain security. If the government mandates SBOM and uses it as a security verification tool for supply chains, it can be affected by the domestic procurement system in the future and can be referenced when establishing a security system for domestic supply chains according to the progress of policy implementation. Accordingly, in this paper, countries that are promoting the SBOM policy as a way to strengthen the security of the software supply chain were selected and analyzed with a focus on related cases. In addition, through comparison and analysis of foreign SBOM policy trends, methods for using domestic SBOM in terms of technology, policy, and law were considered. As the value of using SBOM as a supply chain integrity/transparency verification tool is expected in the future, it is necessary to continuously identify trends in the establishment of international standardization and policy development for SBOM and study the standard format.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.224-235
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• 2022

This study aimed to confirm the status of media reports on space hazards using topic modeling analysis of media articles that are related to space hazards for the past 12 years. Therefore, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) analysis was performed by collecting over 1200 space hazards articles between 2010 and 2021 on solar storm, artificial space objects, and natural space objects from BIGKins news platform. The articles related to solar storm focused on three topics: the effect of solar explosion on satellites; effect of solar explosion on radio communication in Korea, centered on the Korean Space Weather Center; and relationship between aircrew and space radiation. The articles related to artificial space objects focused on three topics: the threat of space garbage to satellite and space stations and the transition of useful objects into space junk; the relationship between space garbage and humanity as shown in movies; and the effort of developed countries for tracking, monitoring, and disposing of space garbage. The articles related to natural space objects focused on two topics: International Space Agency's tracking and monitoring of near-Earth asteroids and the countermeasures of collisions, and the evolution and extinction of dinosaurs and mammals, with a focus on the collisions of asteroids or comets. Therefore, this study confirmed that domestic media play a role in conveying dangers of space hazards and arousing the attention of public using a total of eight themes in various fields such as society and culture, and derived education method and policy on space hazards.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.280-289
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• 2022

Internal Waters refer to the waters located at the landward side of a baseline and is completely under the sovereignty of a coastal state. However, the right of innocent passage of foreign-flag vessels is recognized in internal waters that are newly incorporated by establishing a straight baseline. Korea has a massive Internal Waters on its south-western coast where the straight baseline is adopted and has a wide Internal Waters that allows innocent passage. A foreign-flag vessel navigating the internal waters must be properly managed according to the interest of the coastal states such as the fishing·safety·security·environment around the Korean coast. Additionally, Territorial Sea comes under the sovereignty of a coastal state and it is a very important sea area for managing the interests of the coastal states. However, several collision accidents involving illegally anchored or drifted foreign-flag vessels have been occurring recently in the Korean Internal Waters and Territorial Sea, and such accidents are a threat to its interests. Thus, this paper analyzes the cases of collision of foreign-flag vessels that anchored or drifted without authorization, and examines domestic·international laws on the passage of foreign-flag vessel through Internal Waters and Territorial Waters. Finally, this paper suggests that unauthorized anchoring of foreign-flag vessels in Korean Internal Waters and Territorial Water violates the requirements for innocent passage and this violation is punishable according to related Acts; a desirable improvement plan for the legal system of passage through Internal Waters and Territorial Waters.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.437-448
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• 2022

This work aims to assess the threat to human health of hazardous materials in groundwater that is used domestically and for drinking. Two distinct sub-assessments are considered: cancer and non-cancer risk. The studied groundwater is in an agricultural area of Gyeongnam Province, Korea, and is contaminated by arsenic at a mean level of 16.27 ㎍/L, far greater than the WHO guideline (10 ㎍/L for drinking water). We collected groundwater data from the National Groundwater Information Center (gims.go.kr) and assessed the risk to human health following the methodology of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. We considered three exposure scenarios: domestic use (scenario 1) and drinking use with different doses (scenarios 2 and 3). Scenario 1 had a median hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.77 and a cancer risk (CR) of 0.013. Scenario 2 had a median HQ of 0.08 and a CR of 3.69 × 10^-5, and the values for scenario 3 were 0.11 and 4.82 × 10^-5, respectively. Scenario 1 is likely the most hazardous to human health. Further study of the origin of arsenic in groundwater in the study area is required, as are remedial measures to mitigate its health effects.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.367-376
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• 2022

Objective: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry as well as the economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions by comparing resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines for avian influenza virus infection. Methods: Ri chickens of resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible (Mx/G; BF2/B13) lines were selected by genotyping the Mx dynamin like GTPase (Mx) and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen BF2 genes. These chickens were then infected with influenza A virus subtype H5N1, and their lung tissues were collected for RNA sequencing. Results: In total, 972 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between resistant and susceptible Ri chickens, according to the gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. In particular, DEGs associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were most abundant. The expression levels of cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18), chemokines (C-C Motif chemokine ligand 4 [CCL4] and CCL17), interferons (IFN-γ), and IFN-stimulated genes (Mx1, CCL19, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase-like, and protein kinase R) were higher in H5N1-resistant chickens than in H5N1-susceptible chickens. Conclusion: Resistant chickens show stronger immune responses and antiviral activity (cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes) than those of susceptible chickens against HPAIV infection.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.3-20
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to explore the heterogeneity of compensating wage differentials for outdoor workers, under the threat of climate change and heatwave, by region and by wage quantile. This study conducted Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, multiple regression analysis by region, and unconditional quantile regression analysis using the Korean Working Conditions Survey, which provides individual-level information on the working environment and worker's characteristics. The implications derived from the results of the study are as follows: For most variables, the endowment effect and the price effect were greater for indoor workers, while experience and gender played a role in narrowing the wage gap; The compensating wage differentials for outdoor workers were confirmed to be 2.4% nationwide, depending on the region however, the compensating wage differentials varied from 5 times of national average to nothing statistically significant; The higher the wage quantile, the greater the compensating wage differentials for outdoor workers, and statistically significant monetary compensation was not identified for some low-level outdoor workers. This study is meaningful as an early study that revealed the heterogeneity of compensating wage differentials for outdoor workers and suggested further research on the topic.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2023

This study proposed a classification of malicious network traffic using the cyber threat framework(Mitre ATT&CK) and machine learning to solve the real-time traffic detection problems faced by current security monitoring systems. We applied a network traffic dataset called UNSW-NB15 to the Mitre ATT&CK framework to transform the label and generate the final dataset through rare class processing. After learning several boosting-based ensemble models using the generated final dataset, we demonstrated how these ensemble models classify network traffic using various performance metrics. Based on the F-1 score, we showed that XGBoost with no rare class processing is the best in the multi-class traffic environment. We recognized that machine learning ensemble models through Mitre ATT&CK label conversion and oversampling processing have differences over existing studies, but have limitations due to (1) the inability to match perfectly when converting between existing datasets and Mitre ATT&CK labels and (2) the presence of excessive sparse classes. Nevertheless, Catboost with B-SMOTE achieved the classification accuracy of 0.9526, which is expected to be able to automatically detect normal/abnormal network traffic.