• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.111-123
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• 2014

The city square is an important public open space for people. Being used for various activities, such as community gatherings, open markets, concerts, political rallies, and other events, many types of city squares are represented in a city. Nevertheless, most city squares are planned uniformly, lacking consideration for visitor behavior and use satisfaction. The study investigated the design factors and subcomponents influencing user satisfaction with different types of city squares. This study focused on the general city square in Seoul, including the grand public place (i.e. Gwanghwamun Square) and the neighborhood park (i.e. Geumbit Square). The data were analyzed using factor analysis, linear regression and fuzzy theory. The results of the study are as follows: first, five design factors of satisfaction with city squares are identified (Amenity, Usability, Spatial components, Culture, and Comfortableness). Second, Amenity, Comfortableness, and spatial components significantly affect user satisfaction with Gwanghwamun in that order. On the other hand, in Geumbit Square, Comfortableness, Amenity, Usability and Spatial components affect user satisfaction in a significant way, in that order. Third, cleanliness, a subcomponent of amenity, was ranked highest using the fuzzy theory function for satisfaction with Gwanghwamun Square. Otherwise, the prevalence of plants was ranked the highest on the Geumbit Square survey. The study compared design factors influencing satisfaction in the public grand place and the neighborhood park. The results have implications for designing and planning city squares to the satisfaction of their visitors.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.109-141
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• 2006

The central factor in the pecking order theory of financial structure is the asymmetric distribution of information between managers and less-informed outside investors. Myers and Majluf (1984) show that this asymmetry leads managers to prefer internal funds to external funds. Funds are raised through equity issues only after the capacity to issue debt has been exhausted. In contrast, according to static tradeoff theory, an optimum financial structure exists by the tradeoff between tax saving by debt and bankruptcy costs. This study examines the recent changes of Korean firms' financial structure and financing behavior and the determinants of financial structure. The sample of firms comes from the period of $1996{\sim}2004$, and the number of firms is 32,003. The major findings are as follows. First, in contrast with previous studies using US firms as sample, Korean firms have been using debt financing as their major financing instrument. Especially, the firms in the fund deficit situation relies much more on $long{\sim}term$ and $short{\sim}term$ debts rather than on equity issues. Second, as is the case with previous studies using US firms sample indicates, the financing deficit variable can not explain perfectly the net debt issue. However, compared with net equity issue variable, net debt issue variable is more closely related to the financing deficit variable. Third, when financing deficit variable is added to the current list of explanatory variables of financial structure determinants model, it has a significant and positive explanatory power. In addition, the coefficients of determinants are much improved. Thus, it is concluded that although pecking order theory is not perfect, it appears to be more useful compared to static tradeoff theory, at least in explaining the recent financing behavior of Korean manufacturing firms.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2010

The concepts of laws like regularity or persistence or recurrence those are discovered in nature, became the essential elements in speculative philosophy, study and scientific technology. Western civilization was spread out by these natural laws. As this background, this study is aimed to research the theories of natural laws and the development of geometry as the descriptive tools and the development aspects of the concepts of space. According to Whitehead's four theories on the natural laws, the result of this study that aimed like that as follows. First, the theories on the immanence and imposition of the natural laws were the predominant ideas from ancient Greek to before the scientific revolution, the theory on the simple description like the positivism made the Newton-Cartesian mechanism and an absolutist world view. The theory on the conventional interpretation made the organicism and relativism world view according to non-Euclidean geometry. Second, the geometrical composition of ancient Greek architecture was an aesthetics that represented the immanence of natural laws. Third, in the basic symbol of medieval times, the numeral symbol was the frame of thought and was an important principal of architecture. Fourth, during the Renaissance, architecture was regarded as mathematics that made the order of universe to visible things and the geometry was regarded as an important architectural principal. Fifth, according to the non-Euclidean geometry, it was possible to present the natural phenomena and the universe. Sixth, topology made to lapse the division of traditional floor, wall and ceiling in contemporary architecture and made to build the continuous space. Seventy, the new nature was explained by fractal concepts not by Euclidean shapes, fractal presented that the essence of nature had not mechanical and linear characteristic but organic and non-linear characteristic.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-118
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to reveal their satisfaction procedures from users of information service expectation-disconfirmation theory. To achieve this goal, we use the NDSLQual model to measure the quality of NDSL service. The results were as follows: First, while the expectation has a negative effect on the expectation-disconfirmation, it has a positive effect on the perceived performance. And perceived performance has a positive effect on the expectation-disconfirmation. Second, the expectation-disconfirmation has a positive effect on the overall satisfaction and loyalty. However the explanatory adequacy of the regression model is very low. Third, perceived performance has a positive effect on the overall satisfaction and loyalty. In order to increase the overall satisfaction and loyalty for NDSL, it is necessary to seek ways to improve the perceived performance and lower the expectation-disconfirmation.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose a new direction for color schemes of city signages to provide psychological stability to business owners and improve business value. Types of city sign color schemes and Feng Shui awareness of business owners were examined. Color schemes for signs were proposed, reflecting city landscape colors, color perception theory, and the Feng Shui Sangsaeng Sanggeuk theory. Results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, in order to secure colorscape quality of existing city buildings, signs should be small and consist of only three or fewer colors. Second, existing signage colors and the Feng Shui ideas of business owners have something in common with the five traditional cardinal colors. Thus, it can be interpreted that Feng Shui ideas are deeply rooted in the color use awareness of the Korean people. Third, background colors of signages can reflect the idea of innate Sangsaeng according to the Bonmyeonggung of business owners. The concept of acquired Sanggeuk can also be applied to other design elements such as characters. Fourth, as a second choice according to the function of sign, city landscape or preference of business owner, etc., the background color can remain a color of Sangsaeng, while other design elements such as characters can use a color scheme corresponding to Bihwasaek. Fifth, signs can create a statement and stand out using lightness contrast or saturation contrast theories. A variety of sign color schemes are also possible just by altering the lightness and saturation levels.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop a rice education program and rice cooking practice for university students majoring in foodservice and nutrition. To achieve this purpose, 2 rounds of delphi survey was used by convenience sampling including total of 27 experts in the food and nutrition industry. Below are the findings. First, both the importance and suitability for macro-theme of theory education were in the following order: 'nutrition and health of rice', 'characteristics of rice in food science', 'history and culture of rice' and 'the consumption of rice. Second, the history and culture of rice(traditional culture related to rice, and the origin & history of rice), nutrition and health of rice(main nutritive components and efficacy of rice and prevention of disease), characteristics of rice as food(processed-products of rice and storage, the structure of rice), and the consumption of rice(current status of rice production and consumption) were found to be suitable for the micro-theme of theory education. Third, the education theme for rice cooking practice was determined. Barley sprout song-pyeon and beet song-pyeon were chosen for rice cake. For bread, coconut & walnut muffin, tofu & bean muffin, citron bread, red bean & sweet persimmon pound cake, and sweet potato bread were selected. Dong-rae-pa-jeon, Kimch-jeon-byeong, fried sweet potato fried shrimp were developed for the main dishes.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to present the direction of sustainable urban regeneration through the study of planning characteristics of urban regeneration reflected upon 'SymbioCity' concepts. This study was carried out through theoretical review and case study. In the theoretical review, the theory of 'SymbioCity', one of Sweden's representative urban development models linked to the concept of sustainable development, was reviewed and the framework was derived based on this theory. The framework of this study was finally derived from 'energy', 'ecology and environment', and 'historical and cultural resources'. The case study was conducted by selecting three urban regeneration projects($V{\ddot{a}}strahamnen$ BO01, Royal seaport and HafenCity Hamburg) in Sweden and Germany. Based on the results of case analysis, the direction of sustainable urban regeneration is as follows. First, in terms of energy, we should pay attention to synergy between energy and waste and energy production. Second, in terms of ecology and environment, plans should be made to maximize the use of existing resources in order to conserve natural resources and reduce energy consumption and economic costs. Third, in terms of historical and cultural resources, it is necessary to consider ways to preserve and recycle existing buildings with historical and cultural values. Finally, for the successful application of the planning elements, it is necessary to find the most appropriate application method through steady R&D in the country or project unit.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.209-229
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• 2021

Recently, the tourism industry faced a crisis due to COVID-19. Smart tourism that combines information and communication technology (ICT) is rapidly growing to overcome the crisis in the tourism industry. In order to revitalize the tourism industry after COVID-19, such as non-face-to-face and non-contact, smart tourism incorporating information and communication technology (ICT) is actively encouraged and promoted. The purpose of this study is to empirically verify how perceived pleasure, perceived awakening, and perceived domination, which are three important variables of emotional response theory, affect the intention to continue use through perceived usefulness, expectation, and satisfaction. The survey was conducted for two weeks from November 1 to 15, 2020. A total of 175 surveys were collected during the period and used for analysis. As a result of the study, first, perceived pleasure did not significantly affect perceived usefulness, expectation, satisfaction, and intention to continue use. Second, perceived awakening had a significant effect on expectations, but did not significantly affect perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and continued use intention. Third, perceived domination had a significant effect on perceived usefulness, expectation, and continued use intention. However, it did not significantly affect satisfaction. Fourth, perceived usefulness did not significantly affect satisfaction. Fifth, expectations had a significant effect on perceived usefulness and satisfaction. Sixth, satisfaction had a significant effect on the intention to continue use. Through this, companies and developers that provide online review content for aviation and hotels should know what part of the content is actually focused on and provide it to customers. In addition, content should be provided in consideration of the emotional aspects that aviation and hotel online review users feel while watching videos.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.72-88
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to understand the experience of traffic accident patients with serious injury treated with Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM). Methods: This study was conducted on the basis of grounded theory. We recruited 10 participants who had been hospitalized in Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital after traffic accident. Raw data was collected by in-depth interview, and analyzed by using constant comparison. The coding(open-axial-selective) was performed in order to create paradigm and theoretical model, which can explain main theme of this study. Results: Core phenomenon of this study was 'Experiencing TKM treatment as an alternative' and core category was 'Searching for the answer to the management of traffic accident sequela through TKM treatment' Conclusions: For patients with serious injury, 'Experiencing TKM treatment as an alternative' has meaning as the following: First, The absence of accurate radiography and surgical management makes it hard for patients to choose Korean medicine hospital immediately after traffic accident. Second, Effectiveness of TKM treatment should be evaluated in the long term. Third, TKM treatment is superior to Western medicine treatment in managing long-term patients who suffered from serious injury involved in traffic accident. Finally, Cooperative service of the Western medicine and TKM will provide more satisfactory medical care for traffic accident patients.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.217-226
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• 2021

Based on the theory of use and satisfaction, this study investigated the strength of TikTok usage motives (entertainment, information-seeking, interaction, self-expression, and escape) and the effect of each motive on users' adherence (frequency of use, time of use). investigated. After conducting a survey on TikTok Chinese users and removing insincere answers, 101 survey results were analyzed. The analysis results are as follows: First, the intensity of motivation for using TikTok was in the following order: entertainment-seeking, information-seeking, interaction, self-expression, and escape. Among them, the motives of pursuit of entertainment and escape were higher in females than in males. And the motives of pursuit of entertainment and escape were higher in the case of women than in the case of men. Second, as a result of analyzing the effect on user adhesion, the influence of the users' entertainment pursuit motive, interaction motive, and escape motive was significant for the frequency of use, and the influence of interaction was high. Third, the influence of entertainment-seeking motives and escape motives was found to be significant for use time. This means that users often use TikTok for entertainment, interaction, and escapism, and longer TikTok usage time for entertainment or escapism.