• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.68-80
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• 1996

Long-term hemodialysis(HD) patients manifest various signs of protein and caloric malutrition due to poor intake of nutrients and other causes. Poor nutritional status increases the mortality and morbidity rates in HD patients. Thus, mataintnance of adequate nutritional status has been a major task in taking care of patients receiving HD. This study was to evaluate the nutritional status of HD patients and to clarify the degree of nutritional deficit based on usual dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical indicators. Sixty HD patients comprised a HD group, while the control group consisted of 60 healthy adults whose age and sex matched those of the HD group. Nutritional status was evaluated by dietrary intake using instant nutritional scale, anthropometric measures, serum protein concentrations and the number of lymphocytes. The data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and unpaired t-test. The results are as follows. 1. Regarding usual dietary intake of HD group. 1) Estimated caloric intake was significantly lower than the recommended daily allowance(RDA) and among them, 35% were taking calories less than 85% of the RDA. 2) Estimated protein intake was significantly higher than the RDA and among them 40% were taking protein more than 115% of the RDA. 3) Estimated fat intake was lower than the RDA. 4) Vitamin A, B, $B_1,\;B_2$, C and niacin in take was lower than the RDA respectively. 5) Estimated ferrous intake was within the normal limit the RDA while estimated calcium intake was higher than the RDA. 6) Both calorie and protein intake were higher for the 10 patients who had been under continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis than for the patients under HD from the beginning. 2. Regarding anthropometric measures : 1) Body mass index(BMI), midarm circumference(MAC), and triceps skinfold thickness(TSF) were lower in the HD group than in the control group. 2) Among HD group, 47.1% were within the normal limit of BMI, while 86.7% were within the same limit in the control group. 3) Among HD group, 35.0% were within the normal limit of MAC, while 83.3% were within the same limit in the control group. 4) Among HD group, only 8.3% were normal, 30.3% were mild deficit status of TSF, while 50% were normal and 48.3% were mild deficit status in the control group. 3. Regarding biochemical laboratory tests 1) Albumin, transferrin concentrations and the number of lymphocytes were lower in HD group than in the control group. 2) Among HD group, 98.3% were within the normal limit of albumin concentration and all were within the same limit in the control group. 3) Among HD group, only 11.7% were within the normal limit of transferrin concentration, while 81.7% were within the same limit in the control group. 4) Among HD group, 25% were within the normal limit, while 93.3% were within the same limit in the control group. The above findings suggest that HD patients were in nutritional deficit status. Adequate diet therapy and periodical evaluation of the nutritional status in HD patients are needed. Accordingly, it turned out that anthropometric measures were very reliable parameters and easy to use to evaluate nutritional status. So nurses are encouraged to adopt anthropometric measures to examine nutritional deficit status of HD patients.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.28-40
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Tofu powder on the quality properties of hamburger patties. Thus, this study analyzed the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of hamburger patties containing Tofu powder(25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) instead of bread crumb. The result was as followed. Increasing the amount of Tofu powder in hamburger patties tended to increase the pH. Moisture content of control was higher than other hamburger patties when containing Tofu powder. Increasing the amount of Tofu powder in hamburger patties tended to decrease the moisture content. There were no significant differences in cooking loss rate regarding the weight. The addition of Tofu powder decreased the cooking loss rate of the diameters and increased the thickness. It also increased the lightness (L), the redness (a), and the yellowness (b) in the hunter color value of the hamburger patties. For the textural characteristics, the addition of Tofu powder increased the hardness, elasticity and gumminess of the hamburger patties; however, it decreased the brittleness. In the sensory evaluation, an addition of 100% Tofu powder had the best score in appearance, taste and the overall preference. Therefore, this result suggests that adding Tofu powder amount of 100% can be applied to the hamburger patties for preference and nutritional aspects purposes. Furthermore, it is believed that the development of healthy patty-type Tofu powder products may resolve worries about fast food and quality-related problems in hamburger patties.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 1995

UV irradiation causes a variety of biologic effects on the skin. These effects can be devided to acute reactuons and chronic reacxtions by duration of UV irradiation. Acute reactions are erythema reaction, pigment reactions and changes in epidermal thickness. Among them erythema reaction is most common and conspicuous acute effects of the skin. Upon exposure to sun or artificial UV soures, a faint redness response of skin may begin. Larger exposure causes sunburn reaction which is exaggerated erythema reactionassociated with pain, swelling, vesicle and dulla. Extent and time course of erythema reaction depend upon several factors including wavelength and dose of UVR, skin conditions likeas skin type, site, color, temperature, humidity and environmental factors. Evaluation of erythema erythema induced by UV irradiation is difficult to quantify. Degree of redness of skin are usually estimated by subjective visual evaluation. The lowest exposure dose required to protuce erythema is called minimal erythema dose (mod). Repeated exposures of UVR result in photaging skin. In this condition we can see wrinkling, skin atrophy, dilated blood vessels and keratoses. In sensitive persons photocarcinogenesis is can Be developed on exposed area of skin. Recently skin canser is increasing now in our country. An effective public education and photopreventive method must be developed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2011

This study was carried out to provide recent information on zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) sod production in Japan. Total zoysiagrass sod production acreage in Japan was 6,623 ha. The acreage by prefecture was 3,900 ha (58.9%) in Ibalaki, 779 ha (11.8%) in Tostoli, 609 ha (9.2%) in Kagosima, and 550 ha (8.3%) in Sijeumoka, respectively. Sod was harvested by 1.5 cm sod thickness. Mowing height of Goraisiba (Zoysia matrella) and Nosiba (Zoysia japonica) cultivars was cut by 10 mm and 25 mm height, respectively. Japan agricultural cooperative issued a warranty of sod production quality to zoysiagrass consumers. A quality evaluation for sod production was carried out continuously to maintain a reasonable degree of uniformity and hight quality of sod production three times a year. Also, zosiagrass sod production was rotated with Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel) for improving fertility of soil every five to six years. Patented cultivars for promoting bland in Ibaraki prefecture of Japan were 'Tsukuba himae', 'Tsukuba kagayaki', 'Tsukuba Talou' and 'Tsukuba green'.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.12 no.4 s.37
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• pp.289-299
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• 2005

The ball shear force was investigated in terms of test parameters, i.e. displacement rate and probe height, with an experimental and non-linear finite element analysis for evaluation of the solder joint integrity in area array packages. The increase in the displacement rate and the decrease in the probe height led to the increase in the shear force. Excessive probe height could cause some detrimental effects on the test results such as unexpected high standard deviation and probe sliding from the solder ball surface. The low shear height conditions were favorable for assessing the mechanical integrity of the solder joints. The mechanical and electrical properties of the Sn-37Pb/Cu and Sn-3.5Ag/Cu BGA solder joints were also investigated with the number of reflows. The total thickness of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layers, consisting of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn, was increased as a function of cubic root of reflow time. The shear force was increased up to 3 or 4 reflows, and then was decreased with the number of reflows. The fracture occurred along the bulk solder, in irrespective of the number of reflows. The electrical resistivity was increased with increasing the number of reflows.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.5 no.3 s.15
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

Open rack vaporizer (ORV) has been used in liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminal in order to vaporize LNG into natural gas (NG) by heat exchange with seawater The U-type ORV which had been operated with seawater for 14 years is one of the important utilities of the gas production and the weld part of tube connected with header_ pipe had experienced many corrosion problems. To elucidate the cause of corrosion at weld part of vaporizer tube, corrosion potentials were compared by parts. This study concerns on the measurement of corrosion pit depth using non-destructive method and the evaluation of stress distribution in an aspect of safety with finite element analysis. In order to confirm the reliability of galvanic corrosion between weld parts and base metal, the measurement of corrosion potential by parts was conducted for 20 minutes in 3.5$\%$(wt.) NaCl solution. Many non-destructive methods were tried to measure the remaining thickness of vaporizer tube at fields. For general corrosion, tangential radiography test was confirmed as an effective method. In case of a fine corrosion pit, the shape of corrosion pit was reproduced using surface replication method. From collected data, stress distributions were quantitatively evaluated with 2-dimensional finite element method and the diagnostic evaluation on internal pressure of the U-type vaporizer could be made.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.615-620
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• 2002

This study was conducted to elucidate the characteristics of soybean sprouts cultured in water containing germanium. In three varieties of Eunhakong, Seomoktae and Subaktae, the yields of germanium soybean sprout were 10~20% more than those of control soybean sprouts after 5 day-cultivation. The hypocotyl of germanium soybean sprouts was thicker than that of control soybean sprouts, but there were no significant differences in the length of hypocotyl and the thickness of cotyledon. Germanium soybean sprouts showed deeper green and yellow color than control soybean sprouts. In addition, the hardness exhibited strongly in germanium soybean sprouts, especially Seomoktae. In the sensory evaluation, germanium soybean sprouts were better than control soybean sprouts in appearance, taste, flavor and preference.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.508-517
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• 2018

This study evaluated the construction costs of 11 design cases to decrease the horizontal forces applied to an abutment. They include two kinds of abutment types, which are used to improve the backfill materials for reversed T-shaped abutment and geosynthehtic reinforced abutment for railways (RAR). In the first economic analysis, the internal friction angles of the backfill materials were increased from ${\Phi}=35^{\circ}$ to ${\Phi}=40^{\circ}$ and $50^{\circ}$ for a reversed T-shaped abutment. The second analysis examined cases with the design of a geosynthehtic RAR. When the friction angles were $40^{\circ}$ or $50^{\circ}$ after improvement of the backfill material, the reduction in the construction cost of the abutment was not as large (2.0-3.9%), even though the horizontal forces on the abutment were decreased by 18-48%. However, in the case of applying the RAR, a maximum cost reduction of 30% was achieved by decreasing the horizontal force to zero. The cost reduction results from the decreased wall thickness, base slab size, and the number of pile foundations for the abutment, as well as changing the material.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2015

Purpose : Skip the repetitive HRCT axial scan in order to reduce the exposure of patients during chest HRCT scan, Helical Scan Data into a reconstructed image, and exposure of the patient change and visually evaluate the usefulness of the HRCT images. Materials and method : Patients were enrolled in the survey are 50 people who underwent chest CT scans of patients who presented to the hospital from January 2015 to March 2015. 50 people surveyed 22 people men and 28 people women people showed an average distribution of 30 to 80 years age was 48 years. 50 patients to Somatom Sensation 64 ch (Siemens) model with 120 kVp tube voltage to a reference mAs tube current to mAs (Care dose, Siemens) as a whole, including the lungs and the chest CT scan was performed. Scan upon each patient CARE dose 4D (Automatic exposure control, Siemens Medical Solution Erlangen, Germany) was to maintain the proper radiation dose scan every cross-section through a device that automatically adjusts the tube current of. CT scan is the rotation time of the Tube slice collimation, slice width 0.6 mm, pitch factor was made under the terms of 1.4. CT scan obtained after the raw data (raw data) to the upper surface of the axial images and coronal images for each slice thickness 1 mm, 5 mm intervals in the high spatial frequency calculation method (hight spatial resolution algorithm, B60 sharp) was the use of the lung window center -500 HU, windows were reconstructed into images in the interval -1000 HU to see. Result : 1. Measure the total value of DLP 50 patients who proceed to chest CT group A (Helical Scan after scan performed with HRCT) and group B (Helical Scan after the HR image reconstruction to the original data) compared with the group divided, analysis As a result of the age, but show little difference for each age group it had a decreased average dose of about 9%. 2. A Radiation read the results of the two Radiologist and a doctor upper lobe and middle lobe of the lung takes effect the visual evaluation is not a big difference between the two images both, depending on the age of the patient, especially if the blood vessels of the lower lobe (A: 3.4, B: 4.6) and bronchi(A: 3.8, B4.7) image shake caused by breathing in anxiety (blurring lead) to the original data (raw data) showed that the reconstructed image is been more useful in diagnostic terms. Conclusion : Scan was confirmed a continuous, rapid motion video to get Helical scan is much lower lobe lung reduction in visual blurring, Helical scan data to not repeat the examination by obtaining HRCT images reorganization reduced the exposure of the patient.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.283-292
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• 2007

Two-step or one-step bonding systems generally inhibit curing process of dual-cured core build-up resin composite for their adhesive acidity. In addition this dual-cured core build-up resin composite can be applied to dentin of pulp chamber and root at the time that complete the endodontic treatment. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of sodium hypochlorite on rnicrotensile bond strength of dual-cured core build-up resin composite. Extracted human molars were horizontally sectioned with 1mm thickness using low speed diamond saw. After the sectioned specimens were divided into 8 groups, adhesive systems (Clearfil SE-Bond, Prime&Bond NT[2-step, 1-step], Adper Prompt L-Pop) were then applied with or without sodium hypochlorite pretreatment. The treated specimen was filled with dual-cured core build-up resin composite (Luxacore, DMG corp., German). Then light cured for 40 seconds and soaked in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 24 hours. After the treated specimen was grinded with 1mm width and measured rnicrotensile bond strength by testing machine. Additionally 8 teeth were prepared for SEM evaluation. The results were as follows. : NaOCl treated groups generally had lower rnicrotensile bond strength but did not show any difference statistically except Adper Prompt L-Pop. When the teeth were treated by NaOCl, though the difference of applied adhesive system, it had no statistically significant difference within the NaOCl treated groups except the relation of between ClearFil SE-Bond adhesive system and Adper Prompt L-Pop adhesive system. In the SEM evaluation, NaOCl treated groups presented relatively long resin tags and incomplete hybrid layer formation generally.