• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2001

Chemical properties of the different parts of watercress(Oenanthe javanica D.C.) grown and harvested from the culture fields under different cultivating methods were studied. In proximate analyses of watercress in parts, moisture contained more in stem than in root or in leaf, but crude protein and crude lipid contents were lower in stem than in root or in leaf. Crude ash in root contained up to about double amount in leaf or stem. Major mineral elements detected in watercress were Fe, Mg, Ca, and K, and their contents in root was higher than those in stem or leaf. Especially, Fe in root was significantly higher than that in stem or in leaf. Total free sugar composed mainly with fructose and glucose, was the highest in watercress from Hwasoon and followed the watercress from Jeonju and Donggok in order. Free sugar content was highest in leaf and the lowest in root. Major water-soluble vitamins were vitamin C, thiamin and biotin and the content of vitamin C was higher than others. These vitamins contained more in leaf than in stem or root. Niacin contained 6.09 mg/100 g in leaf of watercress from Hwasoon, which was much higher than others, but it was not detected in stem of watercress from Jeonju. Organic acids detected were oxalic acid, citric acid and malic acid and other 12 organic acids were not detected. In fatty acid composition, there were significant differences among watercresses from different parts and different culture fields. Linoleic acid, linolenic acid and palmitic acid were major fatty acids contained in watercress and it took about 80% of the total content. Amino acid content in leaf was higher than that in root and in stem. Glutamic acid and proline were major amino acids in stem of watercress from Jeonju and in stem of watercresses from Hwasoon and Donggok, respectively. In leaves of all three watercresses glutamic acid content was the highest.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of Korean workers with occupational exposure to lead by estimating nutrients and flood intakes so that we can eventually establish the dietary guidelines to be recommended for the lead workers. Food consumption survey was conducted by a 24-hr recall method with 135 lead workers and 50 non-exposed controls. Food intake data were convened into nutrients intake using computer aided nutritional analysis program. Mean daily energy intake and percentage of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of male lead workers were 2138 local and 87% of RDA while those of control were estimated as 2234 kcal and 91% of RDA. Mean daily intakes of nutrients of male lead workers were 78 g (111% RDA) for protein 502 mg (71% RDA) for calcium, 11.7 mg (97% RDA) for iron, 665 $\mu$g R.E (95% RDA) for vitamin A, 1.39 mg (108% RDA) for thiamin, 1.14 mg (77% RDA) for riboflavin, 15 mg N.E (92% RDA) for niacin and 66 mg (94% RDA) for vitamin C. On average, male lead workers showed significantly lower protein, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, niacin and vitamin C intakes than control group while cholesterol intake of the male lead workers was significantly higher than that of control group. Intakes of calcium of male lead workers were Less than 75% RDA meaning that nutritional intake of calcium of male lead workers was insufficient and could possibly result in nutritional deficient. Some food groups such as milk, meat and fish must be strongly suggested to improve nutritional status of lead workers. Continuing nutrition monitoring and appropriate nutrition intervention for lead workers most be conducted further.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2015

This study investigated anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, nutrient intakes, and bone density of Korean elderly men (over 65 yrs). Data on bone density and anthropometric (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index and blood pressure) and biochemical (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride and hemoglobin) characteristics, nutrient intakes, and nutrient density were obtained from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008~2011). Subjects were categorized into smoking and non-smoking groups, and smoking groups were divided into three groups by smoking period (under 20 yrs, 21~40 yrs and over 41 yrs). Serum triglyceride concentrations of the smoking group aged 21~40 yrs were higher than those of other groups (P<0.01), whereas other biochemical factors were not different. Intake ratios of energy, protein, phosphorus and sodium in subjects were over 100% of Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans (KDRI). Nutrient densities according to intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin per 1,000 kcal were significantly different among the groups (P<0.05). Bone density of subjects decreased according to smoking period (T-score of total femur in non-smoking group -0.3108, and -0.2918, -0.4941, -0.6847 in smoking group, respectively). Ratio of osteoporosis was 38.1% in the non-smoking group and 44.4%, 51.1%, and 64.0% in the smoking group, respectively. The findings of the present study show that smoking may be associated with bone health, higher ratio of osteoporosis, and low nutrient density in elderly men. Therefore, practical and systematic non-smoking programs are required to improve the bone density of elderly men as well as maintain healthy bone levels and desirable lifestyle.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.25-39
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary intakes in middle-aged women(pre and postmenopausal) and relation to climacteric symptoms. We conducted the anthropometric measurements, climacteric symptoms survey, and dietary intake to assess the nutrient intakes. Also, dietary quality indices were evaluated. The subjects, over 40 years old, were 168 middle aged women(pre=74, postmenopausal=94), mean age was $48.9{\pm}3.6yr$. The anthropometric measurements showed that 59% of subjects were overweight and obese. Climacteric symptoms that were answered 'yes' in 50% plus in the subjects, were dry eyes, forgetfulness, difficult concentration, large joint pain(shoulder), fatique, backache, dry skin, joint pain(ankle and knee), dry mouth, dizziness, depression and lonesomeness, snore, morning stiffness, and hot flash. Some symptoms showed significant difference between pre and postmenopausal groups. The average energy intake was 1602.1 Kcal, which was 82% of the Korean EER. The subjects had lower vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, Fe, Zn and Ca intake than Korean RI. The lowest nutrient intake was Ca. The mean of food intake was 1294.2 g and MAR of diet quality indices was 0.83. In relation to dietary factors with climacteric symptoms, significant correlations have been found between total protein, animal protein, lipid, cholesterol and niacin intake and 'fatique', energy, carbohydrate, thiamin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin C, Na, K and Fe intake and 'dry skin', Ca intake and 'difficult concentration'. Our results indicate that dietary factors(food and nutrients intake, INQ, NAR, MAR) may effect the prevention and reduction of some climacteric symptoms in middle aged women.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.166-174
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• 1999

We examined the obesity levels and dietary habits of 323 college students taking the course 'Health and Diet' as a part of their nutritional education. The average percentages of body fat, BMI and RBW for subjects in this study were 16.7%, $21.5kg/m^2$ and -1.2% in male students and 27.3%, $21.2kg/m^2$ and 1.0% in female students, respectively. BMI and RBW indicated fewer cases of obesity among female students than BIA did. The average intake of energy by subjects was lower than the RDA of energy. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A by female students were much lower than the RDA of energy. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A by female students were much lower than the RDAs of each of those nutrients. The percent RDAs of nutrient intakes of energy, protein, thiamin, and riboflavin were lower in under weight students than in students of normal and over-weight. Female students were found to skip meals and consume sweet foods more frequently than male students. The obesity levels of students related to the number of meals eaten per day as well as the frequency of consuming sweet foods. Although, it was not possible to determine statistically, the levels obesity also seemed to correspond to the speed at which meals were eaten as well as the frequency of eating salty foods. These results suggest that in order to assess obesity properly, more research that focuses on subjects' gender should be conducted. In addition, nutritional education should emphasize the importance of intakes of energy and phosphorus for male students, and the danger of iron and calcium deficiencies for female students. We should also educate students about dietary habits which contribute to obesity such as overeating and the intake of sweet foods.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.65-75
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• 1991

A Survey was conducted to identify patrcis' eating behavior at the buffet styled restaurant during dinner time. The average frequency of taking food was 4.1±0.9 and this was statistically significant by age group. The frequency of taking food after satiety was 1.2±0.8. From the menu, 15 seafood items were the most popular which were chosen more than twice. The average of consumed food items was 24.9±8.9 out of 198. The average seafood items which were chosen by each individual was 5.8, desert items was 4.5, salad items with dressing was 4.2. The total weight of the consumed food was 954±365.1g. Mostly gruel, soup and saled chosen the first time. Alcholic beverages and drinks were chosen also first time. Seafood was chosen the 1.2 times and meat was chosen the first, second, and third time. Rice and soup. bread and noodles were chosen the second and third time. Desert was chosen the third time. The consumption of calories and nutrients were compared with the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. The average consumption of calories was 49.6% Korean RDAs, protein 71.4%, vitamin A 65.0%, thiamin 74.3%, riboflavin 71.8%, niacin 89.8%, ascorbic acid 72.7%, iron 68.1%, and calcium 108.3%. In one meal, the data shows over eating. The caloric consumption of desert was 275.5Kcal and seafood was 174.1Kcal. The protein consumption of seafood was 23.5g and meat was 7.5g. According to this research, customers have a lot of good chances to be exposed to the variety of food. This is desirable to correct the food habits with a experience. On the other hand, excessive food consumption is a problem. Therefore we suggest the provision of nutrition information about desirable order of eating a meal and the health problems due to overeating. We expect other research of nutritional evaluation in a meal in the different foodservice systems to be made in the future.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.267-271
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• 1998

To evaluate nutrient intakes of the first generation Korean -Americans in Hawaii, a dietary survey was conducted using a food frquency questionaire which included 139 food items most often consumed among Korean foods and American foods. The questionnaire surveyed 157 first generation Korean-Americans living in Hawaii. The 66.7~81.1% of first generation Korean-Americans in Hawaii were of healthy weight. The mean percentages of calories obtained from their dietary analyses were 61% carbohydrate, 23% fat and 16% protein. The calorie distribution of their diet appeared to be similiar between older women and older men, however it was seen that men consumed a higher percent of calories from fat than women among younger subjects. The mean dietary intakes for first generation Korean-Americans exceeded recommended intakes for protein, thiamin, niacin , vitamin A, vitamin C, folacin , phosphorus and iron , but the intakes of energy, riboflavin, vitamin B6 ,vitamin E, calcium and zinc were lower than the recommended dietary allowance for Americans. Compared with other groups based on age and gender , younger men had significantly(p<0.05) higher intakes of riboflavin, phosohrous, iron and zinc, and lower intake of folacin. Older subjects consumed significantly (p<0.05) less protein, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and zinc than did younger subjects, and most of the first generation Korean-Americans in Hawaii consumed adequate levels of saturated fatty acid . The ratio , however, of polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid in the diet of younger men was about 0.61, much lower than the recommeded ration of 1.0 and also was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of other subjects. Moreover, cholesterol intakes of younger men were close th the maximum recommeded level of 300mg/day.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.46-58
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrition intakes and factors related to dietary behaviors according to age in female. The subjects included 579 females aged 15 - 59 years. This survey was conducted using a selfadministered questionnaire to obtain data about eating behaviors, living habits, eating disorders by EAT-26 (Eating Attitude Test-26), and nutrition knowledge. In younger women aged 15 - 20 years, the living habits related to health such as smoking, drinking and exercising were undesirable. In addition, the younger women group had significantly higher levels of skipping meals and frequency of eating snacks compared to the older women group and their eating times were not regular. And they showed a lower score of health eating index by mini dietary assessment (MDA). Although, all age groups consumed energy, Ca, Fe, and thiamin below the Korean RDA; especially, in adolescent, Ca intakes ($67.1\%$ RDA) were extremely low. In addition, mean score of EAT-26 was significantly higher in young women aged 15 - 29 years than older women. Also, they had rather lower levels of accuracy and perception for nutrition knowledge compared to older age group. These results suggested that Korean adolescent had undesirable nutritional intakes and attitude, and nutrition knowledge, indicating inadequate eating behaviors. These poor dietary behaviors can affect the health status. Therefore, the nutrition counseling and education to help people to have correct nutrition knowledge and to form better eating habits needs to be established.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.610-619
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• 2008

In order to investigate if the employment of housewives may affect the nutritional status of their family members, an analysis was made for the data of 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition survey. Housewives aged 20 or over were divided into two groups of the working (W, 44.3%) and the non-working (NW, 55.7%), and household income levels were divided into 4 groups of low, middle, high, and high above according to the minimum cost of living in the year of 2001. Nutrient intakes were assessed by using dietary recommended intakes for Koreans of 2005. Working housewives showed similar levels to those of non-working housewives in most nutrients intakes except energy and vitamin C. However their families excluding housewives of W, than those of NW, took less protein, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C when assessed as % of recommended intakes and took more sodium. Such differences were very strong in children and adolescents, and in the middle income households. More % of the families of W than those of NW consumed nutrients below the estimated average requirements. Percents of hypertension classified by both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in adult family members of W than in those of NW. This tendency seemed to be more significant in the family members aged 30 to 49. Both obesity and under-weight rates of school children ($7{\sim}12\;yrs$) in W were higher than those in NW. The above resuIts suggested that employment of housewives could have negative influences on the nutritional status of their family members, especially of their children and in the middle income class.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.191-206
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study systematically reviewed previous studies published in Korea regarding obesity status of children and adolescents in order to provide valid directions for future research and to help establish evidence-based prevention strategies. Methods: The articles were selected by searching the primary keyword 'obesity' and the secondary keywords 'children', 'young children', 'adolescents' or 'kids' on the KISS (Korean Studies Information Service System). Out of 503 articles excluding the overlap, 308 articles were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Secular trends of obesity research, distribution of subjects, potential risk factors for obesity, and intervention method for obesity management were documented. The associations between obesity and dietary factors were summarized. Results: The overall number of research studies has increased since 2000 but obesity management studies have decreased in recent years. Most of the studies used a cross-sectional design. Research on preschool children were extremely limited. Intervention studies targeting males were prevalent. The most significant variables relevant to dietary habits were speed of eating, regular breakfast and snacking. The most significant food and nutrient intake factors were thiamin and iron. Intakes of cereals and animal foods were significantly higher in obese children than the counterparts. Conclusions: The present review of locally published articles on the obesity status in children and adolescents suggested the need for well-designed further studies focused on risk factors of obesity and on a range of intervention methods conducive to the development of obesity prevention and management programs.