• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.519-525
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• 1998

The critical micelle concentration $(CMC^{\ast})$ and the counterion binding constant (B) in a micellar state of the mixed surfactant systems of dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPC) with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), and cetyldimethylethylammonium bromide (CDEAB) were determined at $25^{\circ}C$ as a function of ${\alpha}_1$ (the overall molc fraction of DPC) by the use of electric conductivity method. Various thermodynamic parameters $(X_{i},\;{\gamma}_{I},\;C_{i},\;a^{M}_{i}, \beta,\;{\Delta}H_{mix}, \;and\; {\Delta}G^{o}_{m})$ for the micellization of DPC/DTAB, DPC/TTAB, and DPC/CDEAB mixtures were calculated and analyzed for each system by means of the equations derived from the pseudophase separation model. The results show that the DPC/DTAB mixed system has the greatest deviation and the DPC/CDEAB mixed system has the smallest deviation from the ideal mixed micellar model.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.449-454
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• 2010

In this paper, flow characteristics of R600a in an adiabatic capillary tube were investigated employing the homogeneous flow model. The model is based on fundamental equations of mass, energy and momentum which are solved simultaneously. Two friction factors(Churchill) and viscosity(McAdams) are comparatively used to investigate the flow characteristics. Thermodynamic and transport properties of R600a are calculated employing EES property code. Flow characteristics analysis of R600a in an adiabatic capillary tube is presented to offer the basic design data for the operating parameters. The operating parameters considered in this study include condensation temperature, evaporation temperature, subcooling degree and inner diameter tube of the adiabatic capillary tube. The main results were summarized as follows: condensation and evaporation temperature, inlet subcooling degree and inner diameter tube of an adiabatic capillary tube using R600a have an effect on length of an adiabatic capillary tube. The length of an adiabatic capillary tube using R600a is expressed to the correlation shown in Eq. (15).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.315-318
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• 2007

A dynamic simulation of a turbo-shaft engine was performed for analysis of transient-state and engine-starting characteristics using the MATLAB/SIMULINKTM. The turbo-shaft engine was modelled based on thermodynamic and rotor dynamic relations. The analysis of engine starting characteristics was performed by monitoring the rate of the pressure, temperature and mechanical torque changes along the engine stations by the torque input generated from the accessary power unit and transmitted to the power turbine. The simulation of the transient-state characteristics of the engine was performed under fuel flow rate increase from the steady-state condition. For the future study, engine control unit will be added to the basic turbo-shaft engine model to enhance capability of engine performance simulation.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 1992

A preliminary thermodynamic design model of two-evaporator refrigerator/freezer system is constructed. This system is based on Lorentz-Meutzner cycle using refrigerant mixtures. This model screens alternative refrigerant (R32, R125, R143a, R22, R134a, R152a, R124, R142b, R123) mixtures to select the best performance-giving refrigerant mixtures and its composition for the system. Also, it estimates the effects of cooling temperatures of intercoolers, evaporator's area ratio, cooling load ratio on the performance of the system. The COP of the system ranges from 1.4 to 1.6, which is superior to that of the single evaporator system charged with R12 by 13% to 29%. Among 15 mixtures, R22/R123, R143a/R123, R32/R142b, and R32/R124 (in the order of high COP) are most recommendable. For the case of R22/R123, R22 mass fraction more than 0.5(Load Ratio=1.0) or 0.7(Load Ratio=0.33) is recomended in order to replace R12 without reduction in volumetric capacity when keeping the compressor as the same one. COP has the highest value with X(R22)=0.7 and 0.8, respectively. For the case of R143a/R123, in the similar manner, mass fraction of R143a is more than 0.5 or 0.6 while best performance occurs at X(R143a)=0.8. Higher temperature intercooler is more important for the performance of the system than lower temperature intercooler. The area ratio of evaporators is roughly proportional to load ratio of the evaporators.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2018

The removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution was studied using the magnetic activated carbon (MAC) prepared from waste citrus peel. The adsorption characteristics of 2,4-DCP by MAC were investigated by varying the contact time, MAC dose, solution temperature, pH and 2,4-DCP concentration. The isothermal adsorption data were well explained by the Langmuir isotherm model equation and the maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm equation was 312.5 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic data were well described by the pseudo-second-order reaction equation. The intraparticle diffusion model data indicated that both the film and intraparticle diffusion occur simultaneously during the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters of ${\Delta}H^o$ and ${\Delta}G^o$ have positive and negative values, respectively, indicating that the adsorption of 2,4-DCP by MAC is a spontaneous endothermic reaction. After the adsorption experiment was completed, the used MAC could be easily separated by an external magnet.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.161-168
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• 2010

Magnetars are neutron stars possessing a magnetic field of about $10^{14}-10^{15}$ G at the surface. Thermodynamic properties of neutron star matter, approximated by pure neutron matter, are considered at finite temperature in strong magnetic fields up to $10^{18}$ G which could be relevant for the inner regions of magnetars. In the model with the Skyrme effective interaction, it is shown that a thermodynamically stable branch of solutions for the spin polarization parameter corresponds to the case when the majority of neutron spins are oriented opposite to the direction of the magnetic field (i.e. negative spin polarization). Moreover, starting from some threshold density, the self-consistent equations have also two other branches of solutions, corresponding to positive spin polarization. The influence of finite temperatures on spin polarization remains moderate in the Skyrme model up to temperatures relevant for protoneutron stars. In particular, the scenario with the metastable state characterized by positive spin polarization, considered at zero temperature in Phys. Rev. C 80, 065801 (2009), is preserved at finite temperatures as well. It is shown that, above certain density, the entropy for various branches of spin polarization in neutron matter with the Skyrme interaction in a strong magnetic field shows the unusual behavior, being larger than that of the nonpolarized state. By providing the corresponding low-temperature analysis, we prove that this unexpected behavior should be related to the dependence of the entropy of a spin polarized state on the effective masses of neutrons with spin up and spin down, and to a certain constraint on them which is violated in the respective density range.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1613-1622
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• 2016

Zeolite (FZ), prepared from fly ash, was immobilized with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to fabricate PAN/FZ beads. The prepared PAN/FZ beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimum ratio to prepare PAN/FZ beads was 0.3 g of PAN to 0.3 g of FZ. The diameter of the prepared PAN/FZ beads was about 3 mm. Sr and Cu ion adsorption experiments were conducted with PAN/FZ beads. A pseudo-second-order model fit the kinetic data for Sr and Cu ion adsorption by PAN/FZ beads well. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 96.5 mg/g and 74.6 mg/g for the Sr and Cu ions, respectively. Additionally, the values of thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (${\Delta}G^o$), enthalpy (${\Delta}H^o$) and entropy (${\Delta}S^o$) were determined. The positive values of ${\Delta}H^o$ revealed the endothermic nature of the adsorption process and the negative values of ${\Delta}G^o$ were indicative of the spontaneity of the adsorption process.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 2020

In batch experiments, the adsorption of 7-epi-10-deacetylpaclitaxel was studied using Sylopute. Experimental equilibrium data were applied to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Among the four isotherm models tested, the Langmuir isotherm model gave the highest accuracy. The adsorption capacity was found to decrease with increases in temperature and the adsorption of 7-epi-10-deacetylpaclitaxel onto Sylopute was a favorable physical process. Adsorption kinetic data agreed very well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while boundary layer diffusion and intraparticle diffusion did not play a key role in the adsorption process. The process of 7-epi-10-deacetylpaclitaxel adsorption onto Sylopute was exothermic and nonspontaneous. Also, the adsorption isosteric heat was independent of surface loading indicating an energetically homogeneous adsorbent.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.8 no.3 s.24
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• pp.16-23
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• 2004

A membrane reactor concept, which combines the typical characteristics of chemical reaction with separation process, has been analyzed and simulated in this study. The advantages of the use of a membrane reactor include chemical equilibrium shift towards higher reactant conversion and purer product than the traditional reactors. A membrane reactor model which incorporates a catalytic reaction zone and a separation membrane is proposed. The water-gas shift reaction to produce hydrogen was chosen as a model reaction to be investigated. The membrane reactor is divided into smaller parts by number of n and each part (named cell), which contains both reaction and product separation function is modeled. One of the membrane outlet streams is connected to the next cell, which is repeated up to the last cell. The simulation results can be used for various purposes including decision of optimum operating condition and membrane reactor design.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.2384-2393
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• 2018

Porous alginate-based hydrogel beads (porous ABH) have been prepared through a facile and sustainable template-assisted method using nano-calcium carbonate and nano-$CaCO_3$ as pore-directing agent for the efficient capture of methylene blue (MB). The materials were characterized by various techniques. The sorption capacities of ABH towards MB were compared with pure sodium alginate (ABH-1:0) in batch and fixed-bed column adsorption studies. The obtained adsorbent (ABH-1:3) has a higher BET surface area and a smaller average pore diameter. The maximum adsorption capacity of ABH-1:3 obtained from Langmuir model was as high as $1,426.0mg\;g^{-1}$. The kinetics strictly followed pseudo-second order rate equation and the adsorption reaction was effectively facilitated, approximately 50 minutes to achieve adsorption equilibrium, which was significantly shorter than that of ABH-1:0. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. Thomas model fitted well with the breakthrough curves and could describe the dynamic behavior of the column. More significantly, the uptake capacity of ABH-1:3 was still higher than 75% of the maximum adsorption capacity even after ten cycles, indicating that this novel adsorbent can be a promising adsorptive material for removal of MB from aqueous solution under batch and continuous systems.