• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2009

Purpose: This study utilized a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design to test the effects of foot massage on anxiety and sleep satisfaction response in preoperative patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Method: There were 40 subjects in the study (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group). The experimental group received foot massage once a day for 2 days before their operation. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics including mean, percentage, Chi-square, and t-test. Results: There were significant differences between experimental group and control group in the level of the state anxiety, pulse rate, and sleep satisfaction. Conclusions: Foot massage was effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep satisfaction in abdominal surgical patients before their operation. Thus, foot massage may be used as an independent nursing intervention. This intervention can be performed anywhere, requires no special equipment, is noninvasive, and does not interfere with patients' privacy.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.11-36
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• 2012

Objectives : Sleep Disorders are very common in clinical stages and there are many reports and papers regarding this subject. I try to understand the present state of sleep research in JON (The Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry) for the benefits of clinical practice. Methods : We searched and read every article on JON from 1990 to 2012 and selected ones that are related to Sleep Disorder; then analyzed the data to 5 categories, like literature study, case study, Clinical Data-Analysis study, experimental study, and clinical trial. Results : 1. We Found 41 articles relating to sleep disorder in JON form 1999 to 2012, and there were 9 literature studies, 13 case studies, 13 Clinical Data-Analysis studies, 4 experimental studies, and 2 clinical trials. 2. There were Sa-Am Acupuncture Method, Pharmacopuncture, electroacupuncture, and Auricular acupuncture to treat Sleep Disorder. 3. There were many additional treatments like Purgative Therapy, etc. 4. They reported the ordinary sleep pattern of Soeumin and Soyangin, too. 5. In the experimental study, they reported several herbs, herbal prescription on the expression of melatonin receptors, and Punsimgeimgamibang on insomnia, anxiety, emotionality in rats. 6. There were 2 clinical trials, one for Hwabyung-patient with insomnia by acupuncture treatment and another for insomnia in the elderly by ETF-I program. 7. There were 2 case of other sleep disorder (enuresis, sleepwalking) and 2 literature study of dream. Conclusions : In JON regarding sleep disorder, the majority was due to insomnia. Therefore, we also have to expand our sight into other sleep diseases. We need more clinical trials and experimental researches for the construction of EBM Sleep Disorder in Oriental Neuropsychiatry.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 1989

This study was peformed to examine the effect of muscle relaxation training on patients with insomnia complaint. The subjects were selected those who have taken poor sleep below 240-300 minutes. per day, between 16-15ages, without organic brain syndroms. Using the Budzinski's muscle relaxation training tapes the patients have been gotten the muscle relaxation training daily during four weeks and examined the state anxiety with Spielberger's Trait-State Anxiety Scale, and investigated Sleep amounts, Blood pressure, Pulse rates, Respiratory rates before and after the muscle relaxation training. The results were as follow : 1. The mean of the State anxiety after the muscle relaxation training(41.8$\pm$6.4) was significantly lower than that of before training (54.2$\pm$7.0) (p＜0.001). 2. The mean of systolic blood pressure after the training (114.$\pm$7.8mmHg) was significantly lower than that of before training (139.0$\pm$9.8) (P＜0.001). 3. The mean of Pulse rate after the traing (89.2$\pm$3.0) was significantly lower than that of before training (103.9$\pm$7.4) (P＜0.001). 4. The mean of Respiratory rate after the training(18.6$\pm$1.0) was significantly lower than that of before training(22.8$\pm$1.3) (P＜0.001). 5. The mean of Sleep amount after the muscle relaxation training (459.8$\pm$52.4 minutes) was significantly increased than that of before training (287.3$\pm$30.3) (P＜0.001).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 1999

Diazepam, a benzodiazepine (BDZ) agonist, produces sedation and flumazenil, a BDZ antagonist, blocks these actions. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of BDZs on cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) in rats. The recording electrodes were implanted over the frontal and parietal cortices bilaterally, and the reference and ground electrodes over cerebellum under ketamine anesthesia. To assess the effects of diazepam and flumazenil, rats were injected with diazepam (1 mgHg, i.p.) and/or flumazenil ( 1 mg/kg, i.p.), and the EEG was recorded before and after drugs. Normal awake had theta peak in the spectrum and low amplitude waves, while normal sleep showed large amplitude of slow waves. The powers of delta, theta and alpha bands were increased during sleep compared with during awake. Diazepam reduced the mobility of the rat and induced sleep with intermittent fast spindles and large amplitude of slow activity, and it produced broad peak over betaL band and increased the power of gamma band, which were different from EEG patterns in normal sleep. Saline injection awakened rats and abolished fast spindles for a short period about 2-5 min from EEG pattern during diazepam-induced sleep. Flumazenil blocked both diazepam-induced sleep and decreased the slow activities of delta, theta, alpha and betaL, but not of gamma activity for about 10 min or more. This study may indicate that decrease in power of betaL and betaH bands can be used as the measure of central action of benzodiazepines, and that the EEG parameters of benzodiazepines have to be measured without control over the behavioral state by experimenter.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2018

Background: Sleep disturbance and depression are becoming more recognized as important symptoms among individuals with chronic low back pain. This study evaluated the effect of stabilization exercise on pain-related disability, sleep disturbance and the psychological status of patients with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). Methods: A total of 26 patients (M/F = 17/9) with NSCLBP with a mean age of $50.0{\pm}15.5$ took part in this study. Participants were recruited from selected hospitals in Lagos state. Ethical approval was sought and obtained from the health research and ethics committee of Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idi-araba, Lagos, Nigeria. Participants performed stabilization exercise for eight weeks consecutively and were assessed for pain-related disability, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance using the pain-disability index, hospital anxiety and depression scale, and the insomnia severity index at baseline, the 4th week, and the 8th week, postintervention. Results: The participants studied recorded significant reduction in pain-related disability (P = 0.001). There was also improvement in the sleep quality (P = 0.001), depression level (P = 0.001), and anxiety level (P = 0.001), post intervention. Conclusions: This study revealed that stabilization exercise is very useful in the management of sleep disturbance, pain-related disability, depression, and anxiety in NSCLBP patients.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

Reducing the energy that consumed by tag is a key requirement for the wider acceptance of the active RFID systems that use battery constrained tags. When the reader is not interrogating, the active RFID standard protocols try to reduce energy consumption of tags by using sleep mode. On sleep mode tags is active by receiving a specific signals from reader, until tag receive a sleep mode command from the reader, a tag waste energy for remaining in RX mode. Overhearing is a state of a tag in which it wastes energy for maintaining active RX state while there is no frame destined to it. According to our analysis, the amount of energy consumed by a tag due to overhearing is several time larger than that consumed by the effective communication. We propose RANO(Reservation Aloha for No Overhearing) that is designed to inform a tag of its effective communication intervals to eliminate overhearing problem in active RFID communication. The performance of the proposed protocol was evaluated through the real world by changing the number of tags and size of data. The result of an experiment, the proposed protocol performed saving about 22 times less than the standard protocol did.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.2795-2801
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• 2013

It is judged that there has to be study on bad quality of sleep along with state which university students undergo because of anxiety of finding employment and uncertain future. So 272 students' life style were measured. This study is based on Alameda 7. Also PSQI questionnaire was used to measure the quality of sleep. The results were that in the case of smoking, PSQI was 6.97, drinking 6.49, drinking coffee 7.53, nutritive conditions 6.49 and napping 6.25. These results show that smoking, drinking, drinking coffee, state of supplying nutritions and napping lower quality of sleep. Lastly, health education has to strive for promotion of university students' health and enrich quality of sleep allowing students to lead their healthy university lives.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the sites of narrowing/obstruction and to measure the regional severity of narrowing through the evaluation of dynamic changes in upper-airway of healthy subjects. The selected 9 subjects were proved not to have any sleep-related disorder such as snoring or obstructive sleep apnea through clinical examination, radiological examination, sleep study with a portable recording system. Afterward, the Electron Beam Tomography was performed during the waking and sleeping state of subjects, with their mandible in resting and protruded position. Intravenous injection of Dormicum$^{(R)}$ was used for the induction of sleep. The maximum and minimum cross-sectional areas at each airway level during tidal ventilation were measured and the Collapsibility Index for each level of cross-section was also computed. In a comparison with results under variable conditions, the result was showed that the significant difference between each airway level divided with upper, middle, lower region of upper airway is not observed in the average minimum cross-sectional areas and Collapsibility Index. The significant difference only between in wake and sleep state was observed in the average minimum cross-sectional area at the lower region. Also, in wake state, the significant difference between resting and protrusive position of mandible for the average minimum was also observed in cross-sectional area at middle region. In sleep state, no significant difference between resting and protrusive position of mandible was observed in cross-sectional area and the Collapsibility Index.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2012

We studied the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil and galantamine, and an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker, memantine, on sleep-wake architecture in rats. Screw electrodes were chronically implanted into the frontal and parietal cortex for the electroencephalography (EEG). EEG was recorded with a bio-potential amplifier for 8 h from 09:30 to 17:30. Vibration was recorded to monitor animal activity with a vibration measuring device. Sleep-wake states such as wake (W), slow-wave sleep (S) and paradoxical or rapid eye movement sleep (P), were scored every 10 sec by an experimenter. We measured mean episode duration and number of episode to determine which factor sleep disturbance was attributed to. Donepezil and memantine showed a significant increase in total W duration and decreases in total S and P duration and delta activity. Memantine showed increases in sleep latency and motor activity. Changes of S and P duration in memantine were attributed from changes of mean episode duration. Galantamine had little effect on sleep architecture. From these results, it is showed that galantamine may be an anti-dementia drug that does not cause sleep disturbances and memantine may be a drug that causes severe sleep disturbance.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the sleep characteristics between the prone and the supine position in healthy newborns. The 48 newborns were observed in the prone position and the supine position respectively on the 2nd day after birth. The data were collected from January to May, 1999. The state of a newborn was classified and categorized to 6 states (deep sleep. light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) by Barnard. The movements of eyes, face and extremities, pulse and arterial oxygen were observed and recorded continuously from the start of sleep after feeding until the time of being woken for the next feeding by a trained nurse The data was analyzed by using paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference in the length of sleeping time between the prone and the supine position. 2. There was no significant difference in the length and frequencies of each states(deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) between the prone and the supine position But the frequency of light sleep in the supine position was significantly higher than that of the prone position. 3 There was no significant difference In the numbers or eyes movements between the prone and the supine sleep position. But the amount of facial and extremity movement in the supine position was significantly higher than those in the prone position 4. There was no significant difference in the arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. 5. There was no significant difference in the heart rates between the prone and the supine sleep position. The above results indicated that the newborns in the prone Position moved less and slept deeper than those in the supine position. though there was no difference in the length of sleep or arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep Position. But. Nurses and mothers should consider the relationship between the sleep Position and SIDS suggested by previous researches. The infant's 'awakening' during sleep is a normal process and rather valuable because it can provide an opportunity to promote a stronger relationship between mother and baby. So, It is suggested that the supine sleep position is better than the prone sleep position for infants.