• 제목/요약/키워드: the school facilities

검색결과 3,628건 처리시간 0.036초

경복궁 녹산(鹿山)의 성립과 경관적 의의 (A Study on the Formation and Landscape Meaning of Noksan in Gyeongbokgung Palace)

  • 이종근;소현수
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제38권4호
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2020
  • 녹산은 경복궁 내부에 위치한 구릉 형태의 녹지로서 문화재공간으로 주목받지 못한 장소이다. 이에 본 연구는 녹산이 성립된 배경과 변화 양상을 고찰하여 경관적 의의를 도출하고자 실록, 지도류, 사진에 대한 문헌 분석과 현장조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 녹산의 정체성은 풍수적 내맥(來脈), 소나무림, 사슴과 관련되며, 경관적 의의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 「경복궁전도」 외 다수의 고지도에는 백악으로부터 경복궁 내부까지 이어지는 산줄기들이 묘사되었는데, 그중에서 녹산은 강녕전과 문소전으로 이어지는 내맥에 위치함으로써 형성된 숲이다. 북궐도상에서 녹산에는 육우정(六隅亭), 남여고(藍與庫), 녹직처소(鹿直處所), 그리고 남북 방향의 어구와 담장이 표현됨으로써 최소한의 시설과 숲으로 구성된 원형경관으로 이해할 수 있다. 둘째, 세종대에 경복궁의 북쪽 궁장이 건설되었으며, 경복궁 창건 시기에 연조 뒤쪽부터 신무문 안쪽을 후원으로 인식했던 반면에 경복궁 중건 시기는 신무문 밖에 새로운 후원 영역을 마련하였다. 이러한 배경에서 녹산만 내맥의 산줄기를 유지하였다. 그러나 일제강점기에 신무문 밖 후원에 대규모 관사가 건립되고 경무대 부지에 총독관저와 도로가 개설되면서 지형이 크게 변화되었다. 여기에 1967년 청와대와 녹산 사이의 청와대로가 신설되면서 녹산은 백악산록과 단절되었다. 셋째, 내청룡에 해당하는 경복궁 북동쪽의 풍수적 형세가 부족하여 소나무를 심어 지맥을 배양하였던 점과 임진왜란 이전 경복궁 배치도에 '소나무밭(松田)'이라고 표현된 사실에서 녹산의 원형이 된 숲의 주요 성상을 파악하였다. 발굴조사로 확인한 상수리나무, 벚나무, 느릅나무, 밤나무가 어우러진 소나무림을 원형 식생경관으로 이해할 수 있다. 녹산에는 성토로 인하여 어구가 사라지는 등 지형이 바뀌고 아까시 등 외래수종과 관상용 향나무 등이 식재되었다. 현재는 소나무림의 비중이 줄고 상수리나무림, 낙엽활엽수혼효림, 일부 가죽나무림과 버드나무림으로 구성된 숲을 이루고 있다. 넷째, '녹산(鹿山)'이라는 명칭이 신령, 장수, 영생, 왕권을 상징하는 사슴으로부터 유래된 사실을 '경복궁 녹원에서 기르던 사슴 일곱 마리 중에 한 마리가 굶어죽었다'는 대한매일신보 기사를 통해서 확인하였다.

대퇴경부 골절 환자의 입원 생활 (The Hospital Life of the Patient with Femoral Neck Fracture)

  • 김경자;지성애
    • 간호행정학회지
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.35-56
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    • 1996
  • Nowerdays, the increase of traffic accidents and old age population make the Femoral Neck Fracture(FNF) patients increase. By the improvement of education and standard of living the patients demand better medical service than before. This study is designed to give practical help for the FNF patients by observing their hospital life and establish practical nursing strategies for the FNF patients. For these purposes the Ethnographic Participant Observation was adopted. By this study is focused on the hospital life patient's view. For this end, the field study adopted orthopedic ward in the C University Hospital with 400 beds in Seoul. The object patients of the study were twelve patients. The patients experienced five stages : Embarrassment, Conflict, Stability, Independent, and Extension Stage. The findings and prepared nursing strategies are stated as follows. First, in the Embarrassment Stage they suffered embarrassment, anxiety, pain, they could not do ordinary things. The patients who accidental fractures had anxiety from unfamiliar tests and from hospitalization itself. They lamented that they could not ordinary things, and do nothing but obeying the hospital, and endure the pain. They recognized the changed environment and resigned themselves to life in the ward. In this stage, full openness by the nurses is needed. Second, the attribute of the Conflict Stage were conflict, fear, curiosity, belief, reflection. When they sign the consentment form, they experience conflicts about the possibility of complication, fear of recovery from anesthesia, curiosity about the operation procedure, post - operation state, reflection on their past life, and promise to care for their family members after discharge and keep their religious life faithfully. And they accepted the operation depending on God, believing in modern medicine, and the surgeon. Asking for their changed informations, they expected positive results from the operation. In this stage, an empathic attitude by the nurses is needed. Third, the attribute of the Stability Stage were relief, gratitude, difficulty with excretion, and pain. When they awoke from anesthesia, they felt relief because of a the end of the operation, but they experienced extreme pain, difficulty of excretion in bed. They accepted the changed environment and expected recovery. In this stage, support by the nurses is needed. Fourth, the attributes of the Independence Stage were freedom, exercise, nurturing, anxiety, and discomfort. When they ambulated and exercised, they experienced freedom. They showed exhibited weakness of the digestive organs and discomfort hospital's space, structure, and facilities, the delay of medical certificate issue the lack of prompt response by the medical agents. They ate nurturious food and felt anxiety on the end of hospital life and returning to their ordinary life. They showed the independence of overcoming their environment by increasing exercise and expected their discharges. In this stage, respect by the nurses is needed for the patients to, overcome their environment and prepare for their independence. Fifth, the attributes of the Extension Stage were pessimism, isolation, dissatisfaction, and pain. Accompanied injury and old age made their ward life extend to over seven weeks. They exhibited weariness, melancholy, skeptisis, general pessimistic feeling, and desperation caused by their isolated life. They experienced the digestive discomfort caused by the prolonged medication and psycological pain caused by long-time hospitalization. As a, result, their dissatisfaction on the human, physical, and systematic environments had been increased. They acquired critical power and sought for something to do spending their time. They expected vaguely about the returning of their ordinary life. In this stage, counseling is needed by the nurse to overcome positively their psychological, social, and physical problems. The process of the FNF patient's ward life starts from the dependent state, when they are hospitalized, and gradually progresses to self-fulfillment in order to keep independent life. As a result, the FNF patients showed "Response in Challenge" or "Adaptation in Conflict" through their experiences of social, physical, and psychological difficulties.

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서울 송현동(松峴洞) 일원 역사문화경관의 통시적 연구 (A Diachronic Study on Historical and Cultural Landscape of Songhyeon-dong, Seoul)

  • 강재웅;소현수
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제39권4호
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    • pp.85-98
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 경복궁 옆 송현동 일원에 문화공원을 조성하기로 계획된 사실을 배경으로 '송현(松峴)'이라는 장소가 인식되었던 조선 초기부터 현재까지의 관련 문헌과 도면자료를 분석하여 주요 시기의 역사문화경관을 파악하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 송현동 일원의 경관을 통시적으로 고찰하기 위하여 주요 필지의 소유주를 파악하고 토지이용과 경관구성요소를 추출하였다. 1392년 조선의 건국 이래 송현은 풍수지리사상에 의하여 '경복궁의 내청룡(內靑龍)'으로 이해됨에 따라 국가에 의해 '소나무숲'이 관리되었다. 1410년 태종이 실시한 전제 개혁과 도시계획의 영향으로 국가 창고 '분감(分監)'이 세워지고 영세한 과일가게 '우전(隅廛)'이 조성되었다. 19세기 이후에는 상류층 가옥으로서 '가성각(嘉聲閣)', '창녕위궁(昌寧尉宮)', '벽수거사정(碧樹居士亭)'이 존재하였다. 1919년 조선식산은행이 부지를 매입하면서 대규모 관사단지인 '식은사택(殖銀舍宅)'이 조성되었으며, 이는 1948년 미국으로 이양되어 '미국대사관 직원숙소'로 사용되었다. 둘째, 도출한 시기별 경관구성요소의 존속기간과 함께 위치를 비정하여 물리적 실체를 파악함으로써 시대별 사회상과 결부된 입지관(立地觀)의 변천을 확인하였다. 풍수지리적 세계관 속에서 궁궐의 왼편을 비보(裨補)하는 '내청룡'으로 인식된 소나무숲은 부지 서쪽 고지대에 있었다. 동시기 동쪽의 평탄한 구역은 각종 정부시설과 시장에 인접한 길목에 다양한 계층이 모여드는 '여항(閭巷)'으로 여겨졌다. 19세기 이후 소나무숲에는 경화세족(京華世族)의 원림이 들어서 '성시산림(城市山林)'으로 이해되었다. 오랫동안 도심 속 대형 필지로 존재하였던 송현동 일원은 20세기 일제에 의해 '이상적 건강지(理想的 健康地)'라는 관념 아래 개발되었다. 이로써 조선시대 전통적 복거관(卜居觀)을 고수해 온 송현동 일원의 장소성이 단절된 것이다.

The Recognition about Food Wastes Treatment at Yongin Area

  • Kim, Jeong-Hyun;Kang, Hee-Joo;Kim, Kyung-Tae;Kim, Hyun-Soo;Hwang, Seong-Hee;Kim, Yong-Chul;Kim, Pan-Gyi
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제30권4호
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    • pp.329-343
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    • 2004
  • We conducted to investigate citizen's attitude to the treatment of food waste in Yongin city. The respondent of $41.81\%$ throws the food waste eliminate from home and store less than 1l in Yongin. When they dump the food waste, they speak out the inconvenience of damaged envelope by animals in case of home and store. This caused troubles for reason of sanitary. So a local autonomous entity must carefully consider of expand use specially designed container as like apartment house. They give an answer that the collecting time of food waste is suitable form dawn till morning. This answer shows the satisfaction of the period time to collect the food waste. They prefer to be appointed the exclusive place to collect food waste. The service interval of collect is suitable 1 time a day. They want to increase the number of washing of the collecting container. This is good method for sanitary condition, but the care of the period time to collect the food waste is more efficient than the care of the number of washing the collecting container. The care of the period time minimizes to incur the enmity of the people and to pollute in environment. The major of respondent handled the food waste after keeping the basket or a kit. This fact shows to us almost citizen doesn't feel the seriousness to remove the moisture of the food waste. Recently, many solutions which can be disposal efficiently are getting magnified and improved owing to increase utilities channel to loss in quantities and dry the food waste. We expect the reduction of food waste is solved getting easily step by step. The results of the awareness about the facility of food waste show citizen prefer recycling facility to the other facilities. If recycle facility and incineration facility are constructed, they were worried about bed smell. When some facility of the food waste is constructed, they have to maintain and to handle not to incur the enmity of the people. The spread rate of specially designed container already increased, the citizen set a high value on the use of specially designed container more than amount-rate vinyl envelope that people have used for several years. In the cost treatment about food waste, the major respondent answered the use cost of specially designed container is suitable price. So we can know the use charge is proper level. The majority of citizen more prefer autonomous plan which voluntary atmosphere creation and public information by mass media than levy system and rising treatment cost which forced plan. The citizens have pretty positive thinking of incineration, so the government needs more efforts for a public notice, which includes the incineration is no more than abandoned thing. Each of local self government has to sort the food waste and make kind of resource system related to collecting and carrying, constructing a suitable facility, proper disposal of the food waste and producing harmless in our surrounding in order to solve the invisible problems. To do above mentioned things, we have to analyze referred several problems till now. Also, to minimize the side effect, the government will have to improve through enforce the system.

두부 손상환자 가족의 간호요구에 대한 연구 (A Study on Needs of the Families of Head Injury Patients)

  • 조규영;박형숙
    • 기본간호학회지
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.414-433
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study is to identify the needs which are perceived by one of the familiy members who have head injury parients by traffic accidents in the intensive care units. Subjects were 70 families members of head injury patients admitted to 2 general hospitals NICU located Pusan city, 1 general hospital NICU located Ulsan city from December 1. 1998 to February 28. 1999. For this study, 70 family members were interviewed with aid of a Likert scale which was developed by researcher for this study. For development of the survey instrument, literature review and open questionnaire technique with family members and the nurses working in NICU. The 50needs-items were classified into 7 groups according to the homogeneity of the items with the support of literature review. For the content validity, the instrument was reviewed by 1 nursing professor and the internal reliability of this instrument was Cronbach alpha=0.94 which is highly accepted. Data was analyzed by a SPSS computer program. Data analysis included frequency. percentage, mean, standard variance and t-test or ANOVA. The results were as followings : 1. The general characteristics of head injury patients shows that the male was 74.3%, the female was 25.7% and age distribution shows that the fifty-fifty nine years was 30%, the highest. Of religion the buddhism was the most, The diagnosis distribution shows that epidural hematoma was 32.9% and subdural hematoma was 24.3%. The mentalility distribution shows that semicoma was 31.4% and stupor was 31.4%. Hemiplegia was 42.9% 2. The general charaterisrics of the family needs of head injury patients shows that thirty-thirty nine years was 31.4%, the highest. sex distribution shows that the male was 20%, the female was 80%. Of religion the buddism was the most. 3. The family needs of head injury patients was $3.03{\pm}0.42$, needs for the information of a patient's condition was $3.65{\pm}0.48$, the highest. And needs for the information of care and treatment was $3.48{\pm}0.48$, needs to be supplied with comfortable facilities for family was $3.04{\pm}0.66$, needs to be participate in a patient's care was $2.90{\pm}0.55$, needs to be informed about the available resources was $2.83{\pm}0.59$, needs to be supported emotionally for family was $2.79{\pm}0.55$, needs for religious assistance was $2.51{\pm}0.85$. 4. Examining the family needs of head injury patients according to patient's characteristics, mentality, plegia degree and operation were shown be variables to make an effect on the needs for the head injury patients family. At all, according to severity of head. injury, the family needs of head injury patients was high. 5. Examining the family needs of head injury patients according to their general characteristics, we could know that religion, job. income were shown to be variables to make an effect on the family needs. Through the examination it can be seen that the characteristics of head injury patients and the family needs of head injury patients. In conclusion, the family needs of head injury patients was almost same the family needs of ICU patients. Therefore we must involve the family's care of head injury patients and we must provide exact and repeated explanation, education and support the family of head injury patients. As this study was resulted in selecting the families admitted to NICU of some general hospital, we couldn't stretch the result in our favor. Therefore, continuous studies are suggested.

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제주지역 직장어린이집 보육실의 겨울철 실내온열환경 실태 (Winter Indoor Thermal Environment Status of Nursery Rooms in Workplace Daycare Centers in Jeju Island)

  • 김봉애;고연숙
    • 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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    • 제33권12호
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    • pp.81-90
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to investigate the thermal environment status of nursery rooms in workplace daycare centers in Jeju and propose measures to improve their indoor physical thermal environment. For this purpose, measurements were performed in the winter indoor physical environment of 51 nursery rooms in 11 workplace daycare centers and a psychological evaluation survey on the thermal environment of nursery rooms was conducted for 70 nursery teachers. The investigation was carried out over 11 days in January 2017. The results are as follow. The average indoor temperature of the nursery rooms was $21.3^{\circ}C$($18.7-23.8^{\circ}C$) and the indoor temperatures of 47 nursery rooms (92.9%) were higher than the environmental hygiene management standard for domestic school facilities ($18-20^{\circ}C$). The average relative humidity was 33.9% (16.4-56.0%), and 37 nursery rooms (86.3%) showed a lower average relative humidity than the standard (40-70%). The average absolute humidity was $9.1g/m^3$ ($4.7-13.6g/m^3$), which was lower than the standard for preventing influenza ($10g/m^3$). When the indoor temperature and humidity of the nursery rooms were compared with international standards, it was found that 85% or more of the 51 nursery rooms maintained appropriate indoor temperatures, but 40-50% of the nursery rooms maintained a low humidity condition. Therefore, they need to pay attention to maintaining the appropriate humidity of the nursery room to keep the children healthy. The average indoor temperature of the nursery rooms showed a weak negative correlation with the average relative humidity. The indoor temperature had a significant effect on the relative humidity: a higher indoor temperature resulted in lower relative humidity. Regarding the fluctuations in the average indoor temperature of the nursery rooms during the day, in daycare centers that used floor heating, the indoor temperature gradually increased form the morning to the afternoon and tended to decrease during lunch time and the morning and afternoon snack times, due to ventilation. The daycare centers that used both floor heating and ceiling-type air conditioners showed a higher indoor temperature and greater fluctuations in temperature compared to the daycare centers that used floor heating only. In the survey results, the average value of the whole body thermal sensation was 3.0 (neutral): 32 respondents (62.7%) answered, "Neutral", Which was the largest number, followed by 21 respondents (30%) who answered, "Slightly hot" and 17 respondents (24.2%) who answered, "Slightly cold." Twenty-nine respondents answered, "Slightly dry," which was the largest number, followed by 28 respondents (54.9%) who answered, "Neutral" and 10 respondents (19.6%) who answered, "Dry." The total number of respondents who answered, "Slightly dry" or "Dry" was large at 39 (56.4%), which suggests the need for indoor environment management to prevent a low-humidity environment. To summarize the above results about the thermal environment of nursery rooms, as the indoor temperature increased, the relative humidity decreased. This suggests the effect of room temperature on the indoor relative humidity; however, frequent ventilations also greatly decrease the relative humidity. Therefore, the ventilation method and the usage of air conditioning systems need to be re-examined.

간호대학생의 학년별 태도 변화에 관한 연구 (A Study on Gradual Attitudes Change College of Nursing Students)

  • 한정석
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제3권2호
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    • pp.121-132
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    • 1973
  • Introduction : Nursing as a profession is gelling wide acceptance today, especially among independent -minded women with necessary physical, mental and academic qualifications. This is particularly true of "comprehensive nursing", which requires to total dedication on the part if the nurse herself-physical, mental and sociocultural. Such comprehensive approach is like-wise called for in the institutional training of professional nurses. Undergraduate nursing courses nowadays place an increasing emphasis on the microscopic approach of training a nurse as an intelligent and well-balanced human being with an optimum degree of cultural sophistication. Greater attention then ever before is now paid to close observation of the individual traits and aptitude of nursing students, so as to permit full development of individual capabilities, interests and propensities within the concept of "comprehensive human education. " Purpose of study 1. To determine the degree of understanding of the part of nursing students of the various aspects of the subject taught in undergraduate nursing course. 2. To determine the motivation of nursing students in choosing the profession and possible subsequent change or attitude and outlook in the course of under graduated studies, as a means of presenting a new practical approach in nursing training based on the concept of "comprehensive human education. " Problems of study 1. The environments of nursing training will impinge on individual nursing students with different psychological impacts from lower to upper classes of under graduated studies. 2. Educational environments will have varying psychological impacts on students: a. Difference in religious faith among students. b. Difference in campus environments. c. Difference in domestic (family) circumstances. d. Difference in innate capabilities of students, 3. The understanding and attitude of individual nursing students towards the science of nursing will Have a close correlation with their respective motivations in choosing-nursing as a profession, and will also be closely influenced by the peculiarities of the subject taught, tile campus environments, etc, Delimitations of the study 1. Two universities offering 4-year nursing courses were selected. Due to the limited number of potential subjects, the optimum conditions of sample collection could not be fulfilled. 2. Subjects were confined to two classes in each university (sophomores and seniors) but without regard to the ages or scholastic achievements of individual students. 3. The conclusions derived from this study should be limited in application to the subject groups covered by the present study: they should not in any event be extended or applied to other groups. Procedures 1. Subjects: 40 nursing students each from the sophomore and senior classes of the "Y" and "K" universities situated in Seoul, aggregating 160 students altogether. 2. Instruments: Use has been made of questionnaires on (1) family backgrounds and (2) general information concerning. 3. Statistical Method: The findings of the present survey have been subjected to critical analysis as to the means, percentages, Cgi squares (X), standard deviations and the significance of the difference in means. Findings 1. Nursing students have chosen their subject of study with a confident outlook towards their future in society. 2. Horsing students have the necessary abilities to complete the prescribed courses of study. 3. The campus life of nursing students has been judged as very constructive, not with-standing certain in adequacies in the available educational facilities and the shortages of teaching staff. 4. The achievement levels of nursing trainees varied greatly according to their respective educational environments as well as their school years. 5. Clear and definite distinctions were discernible between the two universities as regards certain aspects of this survey, while no signifiant difference was observed in other: a. Sophomores and seniors in both universities gave nearly identical answers to questions concerning (1) motivation in choosing nursing as a profession, and (2) the way of spending leisure hours. b. Both universities revealed similar respective differences between sophomores and seniors as regards the abilities of fulfilling academic requirements ill the basic subjects. c. Educational environments have been found to be somewhat superior in the "Y"university to those of the "K" university, particularly as regard general campus and dormitory conditions. d. The high degree of dissatisfaction with the faculty, found in both universities, was considered to be a consequence of the universal phenomenon of "brain drain" and the relative neglect of the "comprehensive approach"in education.

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<하환정도(何換亭圖)>를 통해 본 칠원 무기연당(舞沂蓮塘)과 유회정(有懷亭) 일곽의 원형경관 (Original Landscape of MuGi-YeonDang and Yuhoejeong Pavilion Area in Chirwon through )

  • 노재현;손희경;박태희
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2017
  • <하환정도>의 제작 시점인 1860년경을 기점으로, 그림에 표현된 무기연당과 일곽의 정원시설 그리고 경관 등을 현재와 비교하여 고찰한 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. <하환정도>에는 내원(內園)인 국담(菊潭)을 중심으로 하환정(何換亭)과 풍욕루(風浴樓)가 핵심을 이루고 있으며, 1971년 이후 기양서원의 후신(後身)인 충효사(忠孝祠)와 영정각(影幀閣) 등이 보태졌다. 하환정 반대편 국담 지안(池岸)에는 3기의 괴석과 함께 다채로운 초화류와 화관목이 식재되었으며, 중도(中島)에는 봉황석(鳳凰石)과 납두석(衲頭石)의 배치와 함께 2종의 수목이 그려져 있는데 이 중 하나는 단풍나무로 확인된다. 그림의 외경(外境)에는 무기연당을 중심으로 상부로는 작대산과 천주산이, 하부로는 정충비각과 현재는 멸실된 비보숲이 묘사되어 있다. 주목할 만한 성과로 외경의 작대산 아래 십 여기의 봉분 형태의 주씨묘군(朱氏墓群)과 함께 묘사된 '별업 유회정(別業 有懷亭)' 유구(遺構)를 주씨 선산인 산정리 일대에서 확인하였다. 확인된 유구는 방형의 지당(池塘)과 석가산인 중도(中島) 그리고 석비 망추대(望楸臺) 등이며 지당내 석가산은 자연석에 약간의 가공을 한 뒤, 여러 개의 괴석을 첩석한 형태로 측면에는 '경암(敬嵒)'과 '세심(洗心)'이라 각자(刻字)되어 있다. 특히 '경(敬)'자(字)는 소수서원 경자바위(敬字岩)의 그것을 모사(模寫)한 것으로 풍욕루 현판은 물론 주세붕을 모신 관내 무산사(武山祠)에서도 발견되는 주씨 정원의 상징적 정원언어가 되고 있다. <하환정도> 외경에서 유회정과 석가산을 갖는 방당(方塘)의 이름은 '태화지(泰和池)' 또는 '정우당(淨友塘)'이라 하였으며 석가산의 이름은 '소금강(小金剛)' 또는 '소방장(小方丈)'으로 명명되었음이 확인된다. 이는 국담의 석가산인 '봉래산'에 비견되는 명칭으로, 양 공간에 관련성을 이해하는데 중요한 연결고리가 되고 있다. <하환정도>는 함안 칠원리에 입향한 15대손 주씨문중에서 주도하여 그린 일종의 장원도(莊園圖)로서, 내원은 물론 외경의 상황을 세밀하게 묘사하고 있어 무기연당원 및 주변 경관을 이해할 뿐 아니라 무기연당을 포함한 외경의 정비 및 복원의 중요한 단서를 제공하고 있다고 판단된다.

바위글씨로 본 부안 관아와 상소산 일대의 장소정체성 (A Study on the Place Identity on the Vicinity of Sangsosan and Government Office of Buan-hyun by Letters Carved on the Rocks)

  • 노재현;김정문;이현우;이정한;김대수
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제30권2호
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    • pp.142-154
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    • 2012
  • 옛 부안 관아(官衙)터 반석(磐石)위에, 19세기 초 현감 박시수가 쓴 초대형 초서체 바위글씨 '봉래동천(蓬萊洞天) 주림(珠林) 옥천(玉泉)'의 의미는 혜천지역의 바위글씨와 맞물려 이 일대가 곧 신선의 세계임을 반증하고 있다. 바위글씨가 집중된 상소산 아래 서림(西林)과 금대(琴臺)그리고 혜천(惠泉)등 경물 지칭의 바위글씨는 이 고장 출신으로 여류시인이자 관기(官妓)였던 이매창이 교우했던 인물들과 밀접한 관련성을 보이며, 이곳이 부안의 풍류와 선비정신이 교융(交融)된 지역 명소이자 정원 후원으로서의 역사성을 배태한 장소임을 상징한다. 이 지역 바위글씨의 대부분은 19세기부터 20세기 초반에 걸쳐 각자된 것으로, 총 34건 중 경물(景物)관련 4건, 경색(景色) 관련 8건, 인명(人名)관련 5건 그리고 시문(詩文)15건, 기타 2건 등으로 분류되었고, 전체적으로 시문의 비율이 월등히 높았으며, 시문 속 주제어의 중심에는 '상소산'과 '혜천'이 자리 잡고 있다. '봉래동천'은 물론 '소산사호(蘇山四皓)'의 표현이나 연단로에서 제조된 신선의 단약에 비견되는 '혜천의 샘물'은 신선사상의 영향이 강하게 누적되고 관성화되어 착근된 장소정체성의 단면을 보여주는 경관어휘이자 봉래동천, 주림과 옥천 바위글씨의 조합과 조응하는 것으로 이 일대가 '신선의 세계'임을 상징화하고 있다. 헌종11년(1845년)현감 조연명의 인위적인 식수 이후, 체계적으로 가꾸어온 숲인 서림과 그 숲에 조성된 정각 서림정과 주변에 산재한 '혜천 금대'등 바위글씨가 새겨진 암반 등은 신선사상이 깃든 관아(官衙)의 후원이자 임천정원(林泉庭苑)으로서의 성격과 면모를 보여주는 흔적이며, 이곳에 깃든 장소정체성의 핵심이다. 또한 낙토(樂土), 부안의 중심인 관아지역과 풍류 시회처(詩會處)로서 후원 혜천지역은 선계 동경적 아취와 상상력을 바탕으로 생활 속의 공간으로 구현 정착되어 왔음을 볼 때, '상소산과 서림'그리고 '동천과 혜천'의 관련성과 상징성이야말로 이곳 장소정체성의 본질이라 할 만하다. 내변산과 격포지역이 부안관광의 중심인 현실을 볼 때, 서림공원 일대의 바위글씨를 중심으로 한 문화유적은 부안의 대표적인 관광명소이자 부안 읍치를 대표하는 역사문화경관으로 자리매김하기를 기대한다.

부산지역 제과제빵종사자의 위생요인에 대한 중요도와 수행도 평가 (Evaluation for Importance and Performance of Sanitary Characteristics by Bakers in Busan)

  • 김소희
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제39권4호
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    • pp.602-612
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 부산시내 제과제빵 관련업계 종사자들을 대상으로 조사한 설문지 186부를 분석하여 현재 제과제빵종사자들에 대한 위생교육 실태와 제과제빵 위생요인의 중요도와 수행도에 대한 그들의 평가수준과 그 차이를 비교함으로써 제조 공정이나 특성이 다양한 제과제빵 분야에 적용할 수 있는 체계적인 위생관리의 도입과 종사자들의 효율적인 교육을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 제과제빵종사자들은 위생교육을 받은 적이 없는 종사자가 20.4%나 되었으며 주기적으로 받고 있는 종사자는 32.8% 정도였다. 위생교육이 주기적으로 이루어질수록 베이커리 현장에서 위생교육의 내용이 유의적인 차이를 나타내며(p<0.05) 잘 적용되고 있었고 위생교육의 내용을 적용 못하는 이유로는 '시설설비부족'을 가장 크게 생각하고 있었다. 중요도 평가를 분석한 결과 제과제빵종사자들은 경력이 오래될수록 위생요인들에 대하여 중요하게 생각하는 경향을 나타내었는데 특히 검수위생과(p<0.05) 저장위생(p<0.01) 요인에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내었으며 최고경영자의 중요도 점수가 검수위생(p<0.05), 저장위생(p<0.01), 전처리위생(p<0.05), 제조위생(p<0.05) 요인에서 기술자나 보조기술자들의 점수보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 수행도 평가에서도 경력이 많은 제과제빵종사자가 경력이 적은 종사자보다 검수위생과 저장위생 요인의 수행도를 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보이며 높게 평가하고 있었다. 위생교육경험에 따른 분석에서는 7가지 위생요인 모두에서 위생관리를 받은 종사자가 받지 않은 종사자보다 수행도를 높이 평가하고 있었는데 그중 검수위생과 전처리위생, 분배위생 요인에 대해 주기적으로 위생교육을 받은 종사자의 수행도 점수가 위생교육 경험이 없는 종사자의 수행도 점수보다 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보이며 높았다. 제과제빵 위생요인의 중요도와 수행도의 전체 평균은 4.05/5.00, 3.76/5.00이었으며 개인위생 요인의 중요도와 수행도 점수가 가장 높았다. 제과제빵종사자들이 평가하고 있는 중요도와 수행도의 평균 갭지수는 -0.30으로 그들이 중요하다고 인지하는 만큼 실제 현장에서는 수행이 잘 되지 않는 것으로 생각하고 있었다. 제과제빵종사자의 중요도와 수행도의 격자도 분석 결과 '신규 품목/업체 선정 시 시험 성적서와 원산지 증명서 확인', '검수 시 냉장 냉동식품 온도 확인', '외포장 제거 후 위생용기에 담아 냉장·냉동고 보관', '창고의 적절한 온도, 수분, 통풍이 잘 되도록 유지', '식자재의 전처리 시간과 제과제빵 공정시간의 구분', '전용 칼, 도마의 분리 사용', '제품판매 시 소비자에게 취식완료시간 알림', '적절한 위치에 세면대 구비'의 항목들은 중요도와 수행도가 모두 낮았으므로 특히 검토 후 인식의 전환과 적극적인 직무수행을 유도할 수 있도록 집중 관리되어야 하며 위생교육 시 이항목들에 대한 강조가 필요하다. 제과제빵종사자들의 모든 위생요인의 중요도와 수행도 간에는 상관계수 0.6 이상의 높은 유의적인(p<0.01) 양(+)의 상관관계를 나타내었으므로 제과제빵종사자들의 위생관리에 대한 중요도 인식의 향상을 통해 수행의지를 유도함이 중요하다.