• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.287-309
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• 2009

There were many changes regarding Negotiation of document under UCP 600. First of all, the definition of Negotiation was changed. The UCP 500 stated "Negotiation means the giving of value for drafts and documents by the bank authorized to negotiation", but the UCP 600 defines "negotiation" as following "negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts and/or documents under a complying presentation". Under the UCP 600 the meaning of negotiation was more clear than UCP 500. Second UCP 600 permits all deferred payment credits be discountable or negotiable. This amended rule equated the deferred payment credit with banker's acceptance credit which was contrary with the nature and the practice of former deferred payment credit transaction. Third, UCP 600 has also provided for reimbursement rights for nominated banks and a conceptual basis for protecting nominated banks against beneficiary fraud. In this paper, the problems regarding negotiation of document under UCP600 was studied and the solutions for the problems occurring in appling UCP 600 in practical field was provided.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 2012

This research work is to analyze architectural characteristics of Sungnyemun especially in King Yeongjo's reign in Joseon dynasty. The result of this research is summarized as following: 1. The architectural characteristics of Sungnyemun in King Yeongjo's reign are closely related with Confucian ceremonies such as Jeon-jwa and Heon-goek-rye. To perform these ceremonies, some lower walls of Sungnyemun's wooden pavilion were removed and used as ceremonial space. And after ceremony it was restored. 2. The floor type of center bay of the 1st story of wooden pavilion should have a type of floor using long and narrow fine tree plate, which is same type before the repair work of 1960's dismantlement. 3. The width of east stairway which is reached to east small gate, was changed just before Japanese's rule(1910~1945), should be broaden than present width, which is proven through the recent excavation. 4. The reason of asymmetric characteristic of locations of both east and west narrow-gate, and widths of east and west stairway, are related with order of King's ceremony. * Jeonjwa : a ceremony to see national affairs or receive royalty from officials in main hall or main gate of palace in Joseon dynasty (some times open to public) * Heon-goek-rye : a ceremony after win a war and offering to king enemy's ear or head in Joseon dynasty.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.8 no.2 s.16
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• pp.97-113
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to develop instructional methods for the formalized algorithm through informal knowledge in teaching division of fractions. The following results have been drawn from this study: First, before students learn formal knowledge about division of fractions, they knowledge or strategies to solve problems such as direct modeling strategies, languages to reason mathematically, and using operational expressions. Second, students could solve problems using informal knowledge which is based on partitioning. But they could not solve problems as the numbers involved in problems became complex. In the beginning, they could not reinvent invert-and-multiply rule only by concrete models. However, with the researcher's guidance, they can understand the meaning of a reciprocal number by using concrete models. Moreover, they had an ability to apply the pattern of solving problems when dividend is 1 into division problems of fractions when dividend is fraction. Third, instructional activities were developed by using the results of the teaching experiment performed in the second research step. They consist of student's worksheets and teachers' guides. In conclusion, formalizing students' informal knowledge can make students understand formal knowledge meaningfully and it has a potential that promote mathematical thinking. The teaching-learning activities developed in this study can be an example to help teachers formalize students' informal knowledge.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.209-244
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• 1995

The time therapy in oriental medicine is to reserch physiological activity and pathological variation with time, or time with disease. In that, this therapy is to research the development of disease, progress, diagnosis, treatment, and the meaning of preventive medicine. The theory of time therapy has been developed form heaven-human corresponding principle, and fourtimes of seasons is related with human life. After that, this theory affects in yin-yang five circle principle and organ-meridian match system. The independent development was formed later, but the origin has progressed for a logn times. in relation with time therapy, traditional acupuncture therory suggested five semen. In twenty century, the doctor rheinhold voll suggested energy exchange theory, this theory is based on time therapy, but has partial differance also too. His oppinion is this´ the energy present in the body has a circulation following the acupuncture teaching, i.e., the organs and their meridians are flooded in a certain sequence by this flowing energy. This maximum times of the organs are of physiologic and pathologic significance to man. In next time, we will discuss the indivisual theory in detail, and wil have comparison, and considering too.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.610-614
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• 2000

Cellular Automata(CA)s are used as a simple mathematical model to investigate self-organization in statistical mechanics, which are originally introduced by von Neumann and S. Ulam at the end of the 1940s. CAs provide a framework for a large class of discrete models with homogeneous interactions, which are characterized by the following fundamental properties: 1) CAs are dynamical systems in which space and time are discrete. 2) The systems consist of a regular grid of cells. 3) Each cell is characterized by a state taken from a finite set of states and updated synchronously in discrete time steps according to a local, identical interaction rule. 4) The state of a cell is determined by the previous states of a surrounding neighborhood of cells. A cellular automaton has been attracted wide interest in modeling physical phenomena, which are described generally, partial differential equations such as diffusion and wave propagation. This paper describes one and two-dimensional analysis of wave propagation phenomena modeled by CA, where the local interaction rules were derived referring to the Lattice Gas Model reported by Chen et al., and also including finite difference scheme. Modeling processes by using CA are discussed and the simulation results of wave propagation with one wave source are compared with that by finite difference method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.185-203
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• 1995

The purpose of this paper is to develop a microscopic traffic simulation model which is able to both analyze and the evaluate signlaized urban network and to verify its usefulness in comparison with the other model which has alfeady been released. This simulation model adopts the General Motor's 5th model for car-following and introduces an unique lanechanging rule using acceptable gap. It analyzes single and dual-ring signal phases and generates detector information . So it could be applied to dynamic route guidance systems as wel as real time signal control systems. The results derived from Netsim and the observed data from the real network have been used to test the validit of the proposed model. The result of the test has shown that there are no significant differences between the NETSIM model and the proposed model in estimating travel speed and stopped delay. In optimum offset estimatin , it has shown the same results with NETSIM. the measure of effectiveness , however, derived from this model is slightly better than that of the real network situation. This may be due to the fact that the proposed model does not take into account side frictions from interferences and obstacles.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.13-32
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• 2020

Objectives : To define an everyday ethics for students and doctors of Korean Medicine, people who desire treatment, cultivation and healing through Korean Medical means by determining its conditions and characteristics. Ways of constructing its contents fit for contemporary society were discussed. Methods The threefold Heaven-Earth-Human theory, Yinyang theory, circulation of the Five Phases along with contents of classics such as 『Huangdineijing(黃帝內經)』, 『Guanzi(管子)』, 『Zhongyong(中庸)』, 『Daxue(大學)』, 『Beijiqianjinyaofang(備急千金要方)』, 『Donguibogam(東醫寶鑑)』 were newly interpreted or quoted for explanation. Results : The elements that construct natural ethics and Natural Ethics were established as following: the natural perspective of Nature and People, natural sustainability as fundamental principle, co-existence and initiative circulation as fundamental rules, education and cultivation of lay people, and professional character and competence. Conclusions : The authors suggest a reconstruction of the inherent philosophy, ethics, principle, rule, life guidelines of Korean Medicine within the framework of "natural ethics" and "Natural Ethics" as a prior task for better integration of traditional KM into contemporary society.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of self-encouragement activities on elementary students' adaptation to school life. Two classes were sampled among 5th grade at Y elementary school in Gwangju Metropolitan city. One class was assigned to experimental group and the other class was assigned to control group. Experimental group had 8 sessions of self-encouragement activities. To prove the effect of self-encouragement activities, data were collected through pre and post test on adaptation to school life of the students, and were analysed via ANCOVA. The results of this study are following; First, the experimental group had improved significantly in school adaptability than the control group. Second, there was showed significant improvement in teacher-student relationship adaptation, peer relationship adaptation, classwork adaptation, school rule adaptation in the experimental group.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose the navigation control method for intelligent robot using messy genetic algorithm. The fuzzy controller design for navigation of the intelligent robot was dependant on expert's knowledge. But, the parameters of the fuzzy logic controller obtained from expert's control action may not be outimal. In this paper, to solve the above problem, we propose the identification method to automatically tune the number of fuzzy rule and parameters of memberships of fuzzy controller using mGA. Finally, to show and evaluate the generality and feasibility of the proposed method, we provides some simulations for wall following navigation of intelligent robot.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07b
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• pp.1377-1379
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• 1996

In this paper, each parameter was identified by the gradient descent method to overcome difficulty deciding fuzzy rules of FLC for the unknown process and the type of membership Junctions. Usually PID or optimal control theories have been mostly usee in control field so far. However, optimal control requires much time for calculation because of adaptation for disturbance and nonlinearity. And intricate technique such as MRAS which can be realized only by an expert are limited to be used in the systems requiring rapid and precise response because of comparatively longer calculating time and complicateness. Gradient descent method is a method to find Z minimizing a function about a certain vector Z. And required output of FLC is gained using gradient approaching method in order to adapt control rule parameters of FLC. Simulation proved validation of this algorithm.