• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2007

To extend the shelf-life of spinach after harvest, we investigated the effect of various packaging methods and storage temperature. In case of polypropylene film package, there was no weight loss, but in non-package, remarkably weight loss occurred as storage period extended and storage temperature risen. Content of vitamin C was decreased rapidly at early stage of storage, and decrease of vitamin C in low temperature storage was lower than that of room temperature storage, but its large difference according to packaging method was not observed. In hunter's value on spinach, b value in room temperature storage was higher than that of low temperature storage. In terms of freshness, shelf-life of spinach by low temperature storage $(1{\sim}3^{\circ}C)$ after PP film packaging lasted 34 days, and that by room temperature storage $(10{\sim}15^{\circ}C)$ after PP film packaging lasted 8 days, but that by room temperature storage after non-packaging lasted 3 days.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 1988

Fifty-eight root rot samples were collected from 30 main markets and radish-growing areas in Korea from which 34 isolates of pathogenic bacteria were obtained to identified causal bacteria of the disease. According to their bacteriological characteristics and pathogenicity, the majority of rot bacteria were identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis. Among these species, E. carotovora subsp. carotovora was found to cause serious damage to radish production throughout Korea. P. marginalis pv. marginalis is the first description of bacteria which cause the diseases in radish in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2017

Effects of different soil water conditions on fruit characteristics were investigated in 5-year-old 'Nero' black chokeberry trees (Aronia melanocarpa). Three kinds of drought stresses, including low water deficit, severe water deficit, and very severe water deficit, due to decline of soil water decreased the fruit quality of weight of 10 berries, soluble solid content, and anthocyanin, compared with the control (consistent water supply) during the harvest period. After longer drought stress, supply of soil water could induce berry cracking because cell size of epidermis of fruits contracted, whereas cell size of sub-epidermis and flesh expanded. Thus periodic water supply using water supply facility is needed for yield and quality of 'Nero' black chokeberry fruits.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.706-713
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• 2013

With pot-grown 4-year-old 'Fuyu' persimmon trees, this study evaluated the effect of different nitrogen (N) rates during summer on fruit characteristics, changes of leaf nutrients after harvest, reserve accumulation, and early growth the following year. A total of 0, 36 g N in June, and 72 g N in June and July was fertigated to each tree using urea solution. All the fruits were harvested on Nov. 3. Although not significant, fruits were larger for the 36 g and 72 g N than the 0 g N. Fruits for the 0 g N, having lower N concentration, were softer and had a better coloration and higher soluble solids, indicating that they matured earlier. SPAD value on Nov. 3 was 19.2 for the 0 g N and 54.9 for the 72 g N, and then the values linearly decreased in all the treatments by Nov. 14, exhibiting rapid leaf senescence. Specific leaf weight, being the lowest for the 0 g N, also gradually decreased during this period. Increasing N level significantly increased cross-sectional area of the trunk. Leaf N concentration on Nov. 3 was 0.87% for the 0 g N, whereas it was 1.18 and 1.52% for the 36 g and 72 g N, respectively. The N fertigation tended to increase leaf concentrations of soluble sugars, starch, and amino acids. Contents of N, P, K, soluble sugars, starch, and amino acids per unit leaf area gradually decreased in all the treatments during the 11 days after harvest, and the extent of the decrease was the lowest for the 0 g N. On the other hand, those of Ca, Mg, and protein did not consistently change during this period. The N fertigation resulted in higher concentrations of N in dormant shoots on Nov. 14, and although not great, it also increased soluble sugars, starch, amino acids, and protein. Clear differences were found in number of flower buds per one-year-old branch and total shoot length per tree the following year. The 72 g N trees had 5.6-fold more flower buds and 1.9-fold more shoot length, compared with those of 0 g N trees. However, it was noted that tree growth the following year was not significantly different between the 36 g and 72 g N the previous year. It was concluded that N rate during summer should be adjusted with considering the changes of fruit maturation, mobilization of leaf nutrients, and reserve accumulation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.243-248
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding the whole crop rice silage (WCRS) which partially replaces the imported grass hay crop on the milking performance of Holstein and profitability. Two experimental diets were used according to the traditional practice of dairy farms. The control diet (C) was composed of 13kg/day of mixed hay, 6.8kg/day concentrate, and orchardgrass/bermudagrass hay (1.8kg/day). The treatment diet (T) was composed of 9.6kg/day of mixed hay, 6.8kg/day of concentrate and 2.2kg/day of WCRS. The CP content of the WCRS (4.6%) was lower than orchardgrass (11.3%) and bermudagrass hay (8.4%) due to the harvest being 30days later than the optimum harvest date of rice. The lower intake was observed in T during the entire experiment period which seems to be related to the higher proportion of fiber in rice (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in milk production between C (26.9kg) and T (26.3kg) during the entire experiment period (p>0.05). Also, no difference in milk fat, milk protein, total solids, and milk composition was observed between the two diets. Higher income per head was resulted in T (21,141won) compared to C (21,915 won). These results indicate that the partial replacement of the grass hay by the WCRS can bring the profit to the dairy farm due to the no difference between the control diet and the treatment diet.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.237-241
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• 2016

Background Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have applications in regenerative medicine based on their therapeutic potential to repair and regenerate diseased and damaged tissue. They are commonly subject to oxidative stress during harvest and transplantation, which has detrimental effects on their subsequent viability. By functioning as an antioxidant against free radicals, melatonin may exert cytoprotective effects on ASCs. Methods We cultured human ASCs in the presence of varying dosages of hydrogen peroxide and/or melatonin for a period of 3 hours. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined with propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 staining under fluorescence microscopy. Results Hydrogen peroxide (1-2.5 mM) treatment resulted in an incremental increase in cell death. 2 mM hydrogen peroxide was thereafter selected as the dose for co-treatment with melatonin. Melatonin alone had no adverse effects on ASCs. Co-treatment of ASCs with melatonin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide protected ASCs from cell death in a dose-dependent manner, and afforded maximal protection at $100{\mu}M$ (n=4, one-way analysis of variance P<0.001). Melatonin co-treated ASCs displayed significantly fewer apoptotic cells, as demonstrated by condensed and fragmented nuclei under fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions Melatonin possesses cytoprotective properties against oxidative stress in human ASCs and might be a useful adjunct in fat grafting and cell-assisted lipotransfer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1288-1295
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• 2015

In experiment 1, eighty crossbred steers ($239{\pm}15kg$) were used in a 229-d experiment to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast (EHY) cell wall in diets on growth performance feedlot cattle during periods of elevated ambient temperature. Treatments consisted of steam-flaked corn-based diets supplemented to provide 0, 1, 2, or 3 g EHY/hd/d. There were no effects on growth performance during the initial 139-d period. However, from d 139 to harvest, when 24-h temperature humidity index averaged 80, EHY increased dry matter intake (DMI) (linear effect, p<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) (linear effect, p = 0.01). There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on carcass characteristics. In experiment 2, four Holstein steers ($292{\pm}5kg$) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design experiment to evaluate treatments effects on characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion in steers. There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acid, molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, or estimated methane production. Supplemental EHY decreased ruminal molar proportion of acetate (p = 0.08), increased molar proportion of propionate (p = 0.09), and decreased acetate:propionate molar ratio (p = 0.07) and estimated ruminal methane production (p = 0.09). It is concluded that supplemental EHY may enhance DMI and ADG of feedlot steers during periods of high ambient temperature. Supplemental EHY may also enhance ruminal fiber digestion and decrease ruminal acetate:propionate molar ratios in feedlot steers fed steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of timing of nutrient starvation during transplant production on growth of runner plants and yield of strawberry 'Seolhyang' (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa). Nutrient solution supply at the level of EC (electrical conductivity) 0.8 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ was terminated at interval about 10 days between July 25 and September 5. As a result, the growth of above-ground part was inhibited while root growth increased when the nutrient starvation treatment had been brought forward to July 25. It also reduced the T/R ratio significantly and chlorophyll content was tended to be lower than the other treatment. In addition, it significantly promoted the budding, flowering and harvest of first flower cluster. On the other hand, the period of harvest was delayed more than two weeks when the nutrients were continuously supplied after the middle of August. An accumulated marketable fruit yield per plant until the end of January and February was 169 and 266g, respectively in the treatment of nutrient starvation on July 25, which was 71 and 12% increase, respectively, as compared with those in the treatment of September 5. Therefore, the appropriate nutrient starvation in the late season of strawberry nursery period could be expected the increase in yield and income during the winter season by promoting the flower bud differentiation as reducing the endogenous nitrate level of the plantlet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1975

It is matter of fact processing technology must affects the quality and yield of final product and these also depend on the selection of raw material directly or indirectly. So that the estimation of tile preprocessing condition of shellfish is of great importance for distributors and processors. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating the processing suitability of baby clam, which is one of the five important shellfishes for domestic use and export. The important results are as follows: 1. The ratio of meat volume and meat weight to the holding capacity by shells may be useful for measuring the condition index of baby clams. 2. Baby clams grown in the beds with the composition of a large quantity of gravel were low in condition index value than in sand and mud. 3. If the green feed phenomenon was the prime consideration for canned baby clams, tile most suitable harvest season if October. In this period, the digestive tract in body was almost colorless. 4. As a whole, seasonal changes of moisture and fat content in baby clams were reversely correlated. Protein content increased from April and slightly decreased for a while from July to August and increased again from September. In March, the content of glycogen was 6.3 to 6.8 percent. From this period to October, glycogen was rapidly decreased. In October, it was only 0.1 to 0.2 percent but increased from November. There were little seasonal changes in pH value and crude ash content. The pH value of meat was 6.0 to 6.2 and crude ash content was about 2 percent. 5. By the results of condition index and chemical composition of baby clams, the suitable harvest season as raw materials for processing was from March to June and from September to October. 6. The steamed baby clam meat was packed with 2 percent salt solution containing 0.15 percent, citric acid or 0.5 percent $Na_2$ EDTA in a round sanitary tin can coated with C-enamel that is 203.9 ml by volume and sterilized for 60 minutes at $112^{\circ}C$. The canned product has shown a good result to reserve the natural characteristics of baby clam through six month storage at room temperature.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.329-336
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• 2016

Occurrence of oriental corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, and yield in a paddy-upland rotation field for 8 maize (Eolrukchal 1, Heugjeom 2, Miheukchal, Ilmichal, Heukjinjuchal, Chalok 4, Mibaek 2, Daehakchal) and 7 sorghum (Hwanggeumchal, Anzunbaengisusu, Moktaksusu, Sodamchal, DS-202, Nampungchal, Donganme) varieties has been surveyed. In a monitoring study using a pheromone trap carried out from 15 May to 10 September, the density of O. furnacalis adults increased rapidly from about 2 weeks after maize planting and reached the highest density at mid June. After that, their density was fluctuated a little at earlier September. The number of the damaged maize and invasive pores on the stem of 2 maizes and sorghum varieties was examined. The mean number of the damaged maize per 20 plants was 19 and 18 plants, and the number of invasive pores was 1.8 and 1.4 per maize stem in Daehakchal and Mibaek 2, respectively. In a survey carried out at harvest period using 8 maize varieties, the damaged ratio was 94%, 92%, 71%, 64%, 54%, 52%, and 45% in Daehakchal, Mibaek 2, Ilmichal, Eolrukchal 1, Chalok 4, Miheukchal, and Heugjeom 2, respectively. The number of invasive pore per Ilmichal stem was 1.4 and that of the others was less than 1.0 per stem. In addition, the damaged ratio of maize ears was 50% in Ilmichal, 40% in Heukjinjuchal, 37% in Daehakchal, etc. The damage pattern of 2 sorghum varieties, Nampungchal and Donganme, by O. furnacalis larvae was steeply increased from planting to 2 months and the trend was continued up to earlier August. At this time, the mean number of damaged sorghum was 13 and 9.2 plants for Nampungchal and Donganme, and the number of invasive stem pores was 1.06 and 0.46, respectively. In another survey carried out at harvest period for 7 sorghum varieties, their damaged ratio was 95% in DS-202, 76% in Moktaksusu, 75% in Sodamchal, 67% in Nampungchal, 57% in Anzunbaengisusu, 46% in Donganme, and 34% in Hwanggeumchal. The damage of sorghum varieties was much higher and severer than that of maizes by O. furnacalis larvae. The number of invasive pores on a sorghum stem was 1.7 in DS-202, 1.4 in Moktaksusu, 1.3 in Sodamchal, 1.1 in Nampungchal, 1.0 in Anzunbaengisusu, 0.5 in Donganme, and 0.4 in Hwanggeumchal. Meanwhile, there was no distinct connection between damaging results and yields of maizes and sorghums by O. furnacalis larvae in a paddy-upland rotation field. These results from this study can be applicable for the establishment of a management strategy to control Oriental corn borer in paddy-upland rotation fields for maize and sorghum.