• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.203-217
• /
• 2015

The purpose of the study is to explore leisure time use of older adults and find out relationships between active/passive leisure activities and socioeconomic backgrounds in order to prepare later life for homo hundred. The subjects were 336 adults aged 50 and over in Busan city, Korea. Results are as follows. First, the subjects spent more time in active leisure than passive. But ratio of passive leisure time is getting higher with age. Second, cognitive activities changed from reading, computing, internet to hobbies, card games with age. Third, participation of active leisure activities are related to age and socioeconomic backgrounds. From this study, lifelong education including leisure education should support older adults to redesign their later life for homo hundred. Second, leisure education should focus on increasing the ability of accepting and utilizing leisure opportunities for older adults. Third, the role of lifelong educator should be emphasized to involve education field more actively. Forth, lifelong education institutions should have the knowledge of the purposes and motivations of older adults who participate in order to provide proper programs continuously. The connection between lifelong education and leisure time use and activities would lead later life with the quality of life and active aging.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.2099-2102
• /
• 2015

Objective: To explore the expression of $laminin{\gamma}2$ in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) tissues and its influence on tumor invasion and metastasis. Materials and Methods: Paraffin embedding samples of cancer, para-cancer, lymph node metastatic and hepatic metastatic tissues from 79 patients undergoing EHCC resection were collected. Expression of $laminin{\gamma}2$ was detected by immunohistochemistry and its relationship with clinical pathological characteristics and the prognosis of EHCC patients were analyzed. Results: $Laminin{\gamma}2$ showed negative staining in para-cancer tissues, but demonstrated a 51.9% (41/79) positive expression rate in extracellular matrix (ECM) or cytoplasm of EHCC tissues. In lymph node metastatic and distant metastatic nidi, expression of $laminin{\gamma}2$ was significantly higher than in the primary nidi (${\chi}^2=7.4173$, P=0.0065; ${\chi}^2=4.0077$, P=0.0453). The expression was in obvious association with lymph node metastasis (P<0.01), but had no relevance with age, gender, tumor location, tumor stage, differentiation and distant metastasis in ECM (P>0.05), whereas it was in marked connection with lymph node and distant metastasis (P<0.05 or P<0.01), but had no relationship with age, gender, tumor location, tumor stage and differentiation in cytoplasm (P>0.05). However, the median survival time and median recurrent period of patients with positive expression of $laminin{\gamma}2$ in both cytoplasm and ECM of tumor cells, only in ECM and only in cytoplasm, were evidently lower than with negative expression of $laminin{\gamma}2$ in RCM and cytoplasm (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Further Cox regression analysis showed that the positive expression of $laminin{\gamma}2$ and the tumor differentiation were independent risk factors influencing the prognosis of EHCC patients. Conclusions: Abnormal expression of $laminin{\gamma}2$ may be closely associated with invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, and thus a potential molecular marker for prognosis of EHCC patients.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.59-73
• /
• 1983

The purpose of this study is to establish the family economy planning in the side of economic welfare and to discuss its problems. Hypothesis testing and survey analysis whether nuclear family have been formed in the urban communities or not are investigated. Also, survey of family economic period are classified in the following manner. First, as the beginning of family, they are interested in savings, children's education and investment of an estate. Third, as the contracting period of family, they rely upon other's financial supports. Therefore, it is desirable for each family to establish family life cycle planning. As the results of hypothesis testing, 1) Nuclear family have been formed in urban communities. 2) The age of housewives is not concerned with whether their husband's parents live in the same house or not. 3)The age of housewives is not concerned with whether their parents lived with them or not. 4) The relationship between the age of housewives and monthly income is not significant. 5) The relationship between the age of housewives and monthly expenditure is significant. 6)The relationship between the age of housewives and monthly savings is not significant.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2003

The object of this study is to analyze the influential factors of characteristics of residential locations by age, and to offer a groundwork that can be utilized to direct setting of residential development and housing policies. The main findings are drawn as follows: First, it determines the age groupings which can describe the distribution pattern of residential location, which is broken down into two social subgroups - the older group aged 50 and over, and the younger group, being our educational target. Second, actuality of our education is to influence residential location. Third, four groups that can describe residential location are abstracted. Fourth, the prime of manhood and old age prime of life have been superior within inner zone, while middle age and those who are obliged to support the older group have been superior around the outer zone.

• Research in Mathematical Education
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.99-118
• /
• 2013

The present study focuses on the contribution of a teaching unit to the development of spatial ability of third graders in general and from a gender point of view in particular. The research population consisted of seventy-four pupils: thirty-seven pupils in the experimental group who attended the teaching unit and thirty-seven pupils in the control group. The spatial ability of all the pupils was examined by means of common tests which checked cognitive capabilities of spatial ability. The research findings illustrate an improvement in the spatial ability of the experimental group pupils following the participation in the teaching unit. Moreover, regarding the gender aspect, the findings show that there was no significant differentiation between the spatial ability of third grade boys and the spatial ability of girls of the same age group.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.12 no.2 s.29
• /
• pp.137-150
• /
• 2006

The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of a set of attributes which influence purchase decision of leaf mustard kimchi such as color, package, taste, availability and price, and to identify tourist product factor combinations which confer the highest utility to tourists of each age group. Conjoint model was used for this study. The findings from this study were as follows. First, it was found that all age groups regarded taste and price as the very important factor. Second, it was found that the products with different attribute levels were preferred by age groups. Third, it was found that the most preferred product in each age group was significantly different by cluster. Finally, it was found that the most preferred simulation product was different by age groups.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.58-62
• /
• 2015

Background: Age-related changes have been studied for lower and middle facial bones. Although the forehead comprises one-third of the facial area, no studies have investigated age-related changes in the upper part of the face or forehead. The purpose of this study was to use three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) to investigate age-related changes in the frontal bone. Methods: A retrospective review was performed for patients who underwent 3D CT scan of facial bones. Patients were divided by gender and age (20 to 40 years, 41 to 60 years, and above 60 years). The frontal bone curvature was evaluated by the length of frontal bone and by two frontal bone angles in relation to the Frankfurt horizon. Results: In both genders, aging was associated with increasing lower slope length. In elderly men (>60 years), the upper slope angle was significantly higher when compared to younger male subjects. Women demonstrated similar age-related changes, but the differences were only statistically significant for the middle and older age groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrates quantifiable age-related changes in the frontal bone. These findings contribute to the understanding of age-related changes of the facial soft tissues. The mean measurements in each age group can be used as a reference when planning forehead reconstruction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.57-71
• /
• 1994

The purpose of this research was to study the variables related to the stress and to provide the way of establishing better relationship between aged parents and adult offsprings and the way of effective care-giving. In order to achieve this purpose a survey was conducted by interview using questionaire. The collected data were analyzed by using frequency percentage mean standard deviation factor analysis Pearson's correlation analysis, ANOVA, and stepwise regression analysis. The results of this research were as follows: First The total points of daughter-in-laws' caregicing stress was 38.5 and daughter's caregiving stress was 27.3. Second There were meaningful differences according to living arrangement daughters-in-law age, old mothers' health status. And there were significant. interaction effects among variables of living arrangement and daughters-in-law' age, living arrangement and birth order birth order and old mothers' health status. living arrangement and daughters-in-law' age and old mothers' health status. Third There were meaningful differences according to living arrangement daughter's age. And there were significant interaction effects among variables of living arrangement and daughter's age, daughter's age and birth order, living arrangement and daughter's age and old mothers' health status, living arrangement and birth order and old mothers' health status. Fourth Among daughters-in-law' variables living arrangement age, old mothers' health status have influence on the care-giving stress. Among daughter's variables living arrangement, age, birth order have influence on the care-giving stress.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.451-455
• /
• 2001

Objectives : There have been several studies documenting the changing level of the conus throughout infancy and childhood, but there is only a little detailed study that documents the range of conus positions in a living adult population, especially in Korean, without spinal deformity. Methods : we made a sequential study of magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine to determine the variation in position of the conus medullaris in 650 living korean adults population without spinal deformity who checked MRI to identify the cause of low back pain. The study population consisted of patients over the age of 16 years. A T1-weighted, midline, sagittal image was reviewed for identifying the postion of conus. This location was recorded in relation to the upper, middle, or lower third of the adjacent vertebral body or the adjacent intervertebral disc. Results : The study group consisted of 305 men(47%) and 345 women(53%) with a mean age 45.9 years(range, 16-79 years). The conus existed commonly at the middle third of L1(131cases, 20.2%), at the L1-2 intervertebral space(129cases, 19.8%), and the lower third of L1(123cases, 18.9%). The mean position of conus was the lower third of L1(range, middle third of T12 to middle third of L3). Conclusions : The mean position of conus was at the lower third of L1(range, middle third of T12 to middle third of L3). This results was same as that of foreign study. Our results of living korean adult population could allow for safe clinical procedures such as lumbar puncture, spinal anesthesia, and help to explain the differences among observed neurologic injuries from fracture-dislocation at the thoracolumbar junction.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2001

Purpose: To investigate bone and disc configuration on MR images in internal derangement related to age. Materials and methods: MR images of 150 TMJs in 107 patients were analyzed to determine the morphologic changes. Two groups were distinguished to be correlated with age. Group I consisted of TMJs that were diagnosed as having anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR), and Group 2 consisted of TMJs that were diagnosed as having anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR). We assessed the configuration of the articular disc, degree of anterior disc displacement, and osseous changes of TMJs. Results: The third decade (83 of 150 joints) was most frequent in this study. In the ADDwR group biconcave discs was most frequent at all ages except fifth decade, but in the ADDwoR group deformed discs was most frequent at third and forth decades. In the ADDwR group slightly displaced discs was most frequent at all ages, but in the ADDwoR group severely displaced discs was most frequent at second decade, and the degree of disc displacement was increased with aging over 30 years of age. TM joints showed osseous changes in 17% of the ADDwR group, and in 30% of the ADDwoR group. MR findings of osseous changes of the TMJ were not found to be significantly correlated with age. Conclusion: The prevalence of deformation of disc, displacement of disc, and osseous changes of TMJ was higher in the ADDwoR group than in the ADDwR group. MR findings of disc configuration and degree of disc displacement were found to be correlated with age.