• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.375-397
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• 2011

Having ahead the Korea-US FfA come into effect by beginning of the 2012, the interest to U.S. trade law has been highly increased. The abuse of U.S. antidumping measures, especially, have been alleged by many developed countries, that's why it need to be studied. For initiating antidumping investigation, the scope of "subject merchandise" has to be determinated. But there is no regulation about the term "subject merchandise(or product under consideration)" on WTO Antidumping Agreement as well as U.S. Antidumping Law. U.S. antidumping law defines domestic like product as "a product that is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation under this title". Thus, the reference point from which the like product analysis begins is "the article subject to an investigation". The Department of Commerce should interpret the subject merchandise in accordance with customary rules, beginning with its ordinary meaning. The note of caution is that the DOC generally exercises 'broad discretion to define and clarify the scope of an antidumping investigation in a manner which reflects the intent of the petition. This paper investigates the survey scope of product in U.S. antidumping law through related regulations and cases. In addition, it was carefully examined because the scope of subject merchandise has effect on antidumping duty order.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.265-286
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• 2009

Dumping describes the practice of international price discrimination whereby a producer or exporter sells merchandise in an export market at less than fair value. The U.S. antidumping statutory framework is embodied in the Tariff Act of 1930. The Act states that "dumping" refers to the sale or likely sale of goods at less than fair value. 19 U.S.C. $\S$ 1677(34). The Commerce Department and the Commission are jointly responsible for administering the antidumping law. Commerce determines whether foreign merchandise is being sold in the United States at less than fair value, and the Commission determines whether a domestic industry producing a product like the imported merchandise has been materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of that product. Recently, in U.S. v. Eurodif, the Supreme Court held the question whether the Commerce can reasonably determin that foreign merchandise has been sold within the meaning of the antidumping law in U.S.. Should 19 U.S.C. Section 1673, which calls for "antidumping" duties on foreign goods, but not services, that sell at less than fair value in the U.S., apply to imported low enriched uranium? Yes. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice David H. Souter, the Supreme Court held that the Commerce Department's view of imported low enriched uranium, as the sale of goods rather than services, was permissible. It reasoned that, since 19 U.S.C. Section 1673 did not specify whether it applied to the production of low enriched uranium, it was left to the reasonable interpretation of the Commerce Department to determine. Accordingly, the Court found the Commerce Department interpreted the statute reasonably.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.1-25
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• 1997

The consumers, who are characterized by gathering a wide scope of information and by putting into action immediately, have come to the new group searching for emotion and have played a leading role of market. The characgeristics of consumers are the fact that they have followed the street fashion with no-concept, independent of the trends which the brand has provide for consumers. Therefore it leads to a big gap between the fashion information for enterprises and market formation for consumer class. The principal purpose of this paper is to get closer the distance between the information which is used in merchandise plan and real market for consumers, and to suggest the new direction of information management system in order to enhance the hit rate of merchandise plan. The results are as follows : (1) It is shown the enterprises should divide the information data between fashion information and market information, and understand the mutual relationship of them, and regard the statistical data related on the change of sensitivity and desire in market specialized in attributes of street fashion as the emotional expression\`s view, and manage them by the feedback style. (2) It is shown that enterprises should fully understand the fashion factors in the line of fashion stream with the independence of theme in order to plan the merchandise effectively for market which are specialized in the duality that it has both conservation and innovation at the same time, and detect their change. (3) It is shown that in order to predict exactly, enterprises should reflect the statistical data and the emotional factors in planning the merchandise, bring up the systematic organization, expert system. (4) It is also shown that enterprises should make an effort to pursuit the discriminated brand through the feedback management in which the consumer\`s lasting desires are reflected.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.159-175
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• 2007

Under U.S. Antidumping law, dumping occurs when 'subject merchandise' is imported into the United States and sold at less than 'fair value'. The administration of U.S. antidumping law is shared between the U.S. Department of Commerce(USDOC) and the U.S. International Trade Commission(USITC). USDOC's task is to determine whether imports are being dumped, and if so, to estimate the margin of dumping. In determining whether an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of the subject imports, the USITC must first define the 'like product' and the 'domestic industry'. One of the crucial factors on antidumping measures is the interpretation's scope of the 'like product' and the 'domestic industry', leading the most controversial issues in U.S. antidumping law. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the 'domestic industry' and 'like product' considering U.S. antidumping law. Most USITC's determinations regarding like product and industry as flexible conception have been supported by the U.S. Courts.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.31-56
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• 2007

The purpose of this thesis lies on building the foundation for the further activation of trade among the Northeast Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, China, Russia, and North Korea through an analytical comparison of their arbitration systems. Further activation of trade cannot be reached without previously building safety measures on the negotiation of exports, the control on defective imported merchandise, the returns on investments, and the stable management of businesses. Throughout this thesis an analytical comparison of these five countries' most important areas on arbitration will be carried out. These areas are the arbitration laws and organizations; the structures of the laws; scope of arbitration; form of arbitration agreement, appointment of arbitratiors, place of arbitration, hearing, court assistance in taking evidence, governing law, decision making by panel of arbitrators, form and contents of awards, effective of award, recourse against award, recognition and enforcement of awards. etc. It was found in each of the areas cases to be identical, similar or verydifferent; also, cases unable to arbitrate. This phenomenon was found to occur due to the differences in political and economic systems and perception of arbitration among these countries. Additionally, this thesis points out what should each country do for its integration. It is also suggested the organization of a common arbitration research body to continue the efforts for raising the awareness, building trust, and mutual recognition among the countries to ultimately create a common arbitration system. Lastly, it is a personal will that this thesis will serve as the starting point for in depth researches in each of the presented areas.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.41
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• pp.455-486
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• 2015

The 3D printing technology, which started from the patent registration in 1986, was a technology that did not attract attention other than from some companies, due to the lack of awareness at the time. However, today, as expiring patents are appearing after the passage of 20 years, the price of 3D printers have decreased to the level of allowing purchase by individuals and the technology is attracting attention from industries, in addition to the general public, such as by naturally accepting 3D and to share 3D data, based on the generalization of online information exchange and improvement of computer performance. The production capability of 3D printers, which is based on digital data enabling digital transmission and revision and supplementation or production manufacturing not requiring molding, may provide a groundbreaking change to the process of manufacturing, and may attain the same effect in the character merchandise sector. Using a 3D printer is becoming a necessity in various figure merchandise productions which are in the forefront of the kidult culture that is recently gaining attention, and when predicting the demand by the industrial sites related to such character merchandise and when considering the more inexpensive price due to the expiration of patents and sharing of technology, expanding opportunities and sectors of employment and cultivating manpower that are able to engage in further creative work seems as a must, by introducing education courses cultivating manpower that can utilize 3D printers at the education field. However, there are limits in the information that can be obtained when seeking to introduce 3D printers in school education. Because the press or information media only mentions general information, such as the growth of the industrial size or prosperous future value of 3D printers, the research level of the academic world also remains at the level of organizing contents in an introductory level, such as by analyzing data on industrial size, analyzing the applicable scope in the industry, or introducing the printing technology. Such lack of information gives rise to problems at the education site. There would be no choice but to incur temporal and opportunity expenses, since the technology would only be able to be used after going through trials and errors, by first introducing the technology without examining the actual information, such as through comparing the strengths and weaknesses. In particular, if an expensive equipment introduced does not suit the features of school education, the loss costs would be significant. This research targeted general users without a technology-related basis, instead of specialists. By comparing the strengths and weaknesses and analyzing the problems and matters requiring notice upon use, pursuant to the representative technologies, instead of merely introducing the 3D printer technology as had been done previously, this research sought to explain the types of features that a 3D printer should have, in particular, when required in education relating to the development of figure merchandise as an optional cultural contents at cartoon-related departments, and sought to provide information that can be of practical help when seeking to provide education using 3D printers in the future. In the main body, the technologies were explained by making a classification based on a new perspective, such as the buttress method, types of materials, two-dimensional printing method, and three-dimensional printing method. The reason for selecting such different classification method was to easily allow mutual comparison of the practical problems upon use. In conclusion, the most suitable 3D printer was selected as the printer in the FDM method, which is comparatively cheap and requires low repair and maintenance cost and low materials expenses, although rather insufficient in the quality of outputs, and a recommendation was made, in addition, to select an entity that is supportive in providing technical support.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.5 s.114
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• pp.123-139
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• 2007

Since the late 1980's, the number of research papers published in the Journal of the Korean Society of Costume(JKSC) has increased. The JKSC is usually known for its focus on issues relevant to the aesthetics of dress, fashion design, and the history of Western or Oriental dress. The main goal of this paper is to link the academic importance of the fashion marketing field to the expansion of the journal and society. First, we defined the scope of the fashion marketing field, based on a literature review and general practices of other competitive societies and journals. First, we reviewed the curricula of the fashion marketing field from 49 universities in Korea. Next, we examined the research topics and methodology of 271 papers in the fashion marketing field published in JKSC since its first issue in 1977. By comparing the findings from the curricula and research, we drew conclusions for the fashion marketing field of the journal and society. We found that the approximately 80% of the fashion marketing courses provided at the undergraduate level are related to merchandise planning and selling processes from the company perspective. However, in more than 85% of the research papers, consumer characteristics and decision-making processes were the main focus and were used as key variables. These findings imply that more various methodological approaches are required for the research to enrich the theoretical background which, in turn, can support curricular development in fashion marketing field. The fashion marketing field in JKSC and society should make the most of accumulated knowledge in product design, symbolic aspects of fashion, and the qualitative approach in the research topics of the JKSC and society.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

Consumption value has widened, not only in functional but also aesthetic aspects, and consumers have started to find products that are more individual and emotional. The pattern of natural motifs meets the needs of consumers, and the marble is also widely used in patterns as one of the natural motifs. In this study, we analyzed many fashion items and other products with marble patterns based on the elements of CMF design, which are important points in merchandise design. For research, data on marble and its patterns have been found in professional books about marble. Foreign and domestic cases were investigated from well-known design exhibitions. Results of the study demonstrate the potential for pattern representation that stimulates consumers' senses by using color or material to express a variety of visual patterns, and using many finishing methods to express textured patterns. However, most of the domestic cases have only imitated the visual features of marble patterns, and very few have expanded the scope of the use of the patterns. A domestic research study was conducted only on the chemical features of marble, while research on the color and design of the visual aspects has been conducted passively. Therefore, This study will attribute designers to come up with creative pattern design and secure many consumers. Above all, we hope that the expansion of material representations will help designers break away from today's stereotypes of the characteristics of the materials and emotional expression.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.47-67
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• 2017

This paper analyzes industries of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk province of the Republic of Korea using the product space model that was developed mid 2000s on the basis of a network analysis framework. The study examines the structure of the product space for the 421 export items at HS 4-digit level after grouping them into 4 categories; classics, emerging champions, marginals and the disappearing products. The results suggest a significant structural transformation in the product space for the local industries and the scope and magnitude of such transformation was rather large. We were also able to confirm that the structural transformation of the product space differs from industry to industry and from group to group. While the approach used is not without shortcomings, our findings also indicate that information extracted from the world merchandise trade by way of product space indicators can be quite useful in identifying structural transformation of industries.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.77-87
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the current state of distribution terminology usage by retailers and consumers nationwide, and to suggest a practical improvement plan for its standardization. The Korean distribution industry is closely related to consumers' daily lives. However, in reality, there exists a gap among producers, distributors, and consumers in terms of the definition, understanding, and perception of the terminology. Therefore, standardizing this terminology is essential for more smooth communication. This paper suggests the necessity of committing overall research and survey activities to the actual conditions of using Korean distribution terminology by organizations and their respective management situations, and further, the necessity of probing the problem and its measures in line with the objective and mission of the "Fundamental Law of the Korean Language." Research design, data, and methodology - This study's scope is limited to wholesale and retail including some information systems. First, the study covers most written material including lexicons and glossary of distribution terminology, university textbooks and teaching material for national certificate of qualification, and related laws and ordinances. Second, the survey covers retailers' management situations by store format. The retailers used as the sample for the survey include department stores, discount stores, SSM, and convenience stores. Altogether, 20 specialists were interviewed in their respective sectors or retail formats. Finally, the project team surveyed a sample of 1,300 consumers nationwide on 50 distribution terms mainly used by consumers, including those about awareness, understanding, usage, and attitude. Results - In total, 1,249 terms are drawn through literature research including distribution terminology used in the related literature, glossary and lexicons, distribution terminology in textbooks, and legal terminology. A classified table comprises four large categories including general distribution, distribution marketing, distribution information, and merchandise. The results of the three-step research including literature survey, field survey of retailers, and consumer survey were advised to be screened by academia (retail associations, faculty etc.), retailers (major retail management by store format), retail specialists and consultants, consumers, and Korean linguists. In total, 1,300 questionnaires for 50 terms of the distribution terminology closely associated with consumers were distributed to subjects nationwide. Conclusions - The desired and expected results from this study are summarized from three perspectives as follows: First, from retailers' perspective, a new concept, or coinage of new terms of the distribution industry stems from advanced countries such as America and Europe. However, the original meaning and definition are diluted and distorted with changes in the language users' situations and context. This study provides basic guidelines for standardization of distribution terms used among various retail formats in most daily life situations that consumers encounter. Second, from the nation's perspective, this study suggests optimal choices of distribution terminology in the context of laws and ordinances regarding concerned Ministries. Last, from the consumers' perspective, this paper enables consumers to understand and use distribution terms properly in their daily life.