• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.17
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• pp.151-171
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• 2004

TAKAHASHI Toru (1878-1967) was one of the most significant Koreanologists in Japanese academic field. He was a professor of Kyeongseong Imperial University in the prewar period and Tenri University (department of Korean studies) in the postwar period. He was majored in Korean intellectual history and literature. His achievements, especially on Korean Confucianism and Buddhism, are still referred and influential. He wrote two pamphlets published by department of education of the Government-General of Korea in 1920. This year was a year after of 3.1 Independent Demonstration. This riot might have demanded Japanese governors to survey about Korean mentality and characteristics. One of outcomes was Chousenjin (Korean People). The pamphlet tried to explain the Korean character in the perspective of a essentialism in Korean race. The other was a simple outline about history of Korean religions entitled Chousen shukyoushi ni arawaretaru sinkou no tokushoku (The characteristics of faith in the history of Korean religions). He explained that Korean religions, especially its Buddhism, were easily influenced by political condition. These pamphlets seemed to be typically colonialistic, since such negative characteristics of Korean made Japanese colonial rule legitimated as the Mission of civilization and enlightenment. His discourses synchronized with the desire of Japanese Imperialism. This article attempted to analyze his discourses in the perspective of postcolonial critics and sociology of knowledge.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

Although milk, which is a representative western food, has a more than 100-year history in Korea, the preference is controversial. This study examined the milk history of Choseon in 1884~1938. This period was divided into 4 periods regarding the westerner's records and advertisements. Westerners who visited Choseon in 1884~1895 ($1^{st}$ period) recorded the eating habits of Choseon,i.e., no milk consumed, even in insufficient food situation. Among the westerners, medical missionaries began to show or/and recommend condensed milk for sick children. In 1896~1909 ($2^{nd}$ period) newspapers, general shops in Hanseong for westerners showed advertisements of dairy products. In the 1900s, condensed and raw milk were advertised through newspapers. Domestic ranching systems to produce raw milk were established at that time mainly by Japanese. In the 1910s ($3^{rd}$ period), raw milk and condensed milk were advertised in newspapers. Since the mid-1920s ($4^{th}$ period), dairy products were bisected into condensed and powdered (dried) milk. Moreover, many Japanese manufacturers appeared in the advertisement in the 1920s. These results suggest that milk has been recognized as a symbol of an enlightenment food in Korea since the late 1900s, but the old negative wisdom, unfamiliar taste, and high price of milk at that time limited its appeal.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.307-318
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• 1997

I observed the important factors of clothing transition - Changes of Korean clothing & reception of Western-style dress - through the survey of the clothing of girl students during the period of enlightenment(1900∼1945) in this study as follows. 1) Stop to use of a long hood an old-fashioned woman shawI(once used to cover th head and upper body when going out). 2) Appearance of same colored Korean costume of the upper and lower sides. 3) Appearance of a short seamless one-piece skirt with a pair of shoulder girdles. 4) Appearance of school uniform, upper white lower black-Korean costume. 5) Appearance of school uniform, Western style. 6) Appearance of sports-wear. 7) Reformation of under-wear. 8) Appearance of short hair. 9) Appearance of socks & stockings and shoes.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.235-255
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• 2010

Previous studies "Dong-uibogam(東醫寶鑑)" or "Dong-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)", Korean medical text written in the 16th/19th century, have focused mainly on his theories of Daoism and Neo-Confucianism or Post-Confucianism. This Study suggests that the "Dong-uibogam" and "Dong-uisusebowon" were the scholarly products of the Early Modern Neo-Confucians during the Joseon Dynasty period. These Early Modern Neo-Confucians ruled the dynasty rationally, and edited books on medical science, one of which were the "Dong-uibogam" or "Dong-uisusebowon". In these books, religious aspects of Daoism was excluded because these elements were not in agreement with medical science or Neo-Confucianism. The "Dong-uibogam" and "Dong-uisusebowon" were also translated into the Korean vernacular script based on an obligation to govern the people. This was example of Confucian enlightenment which was Early Modernity of "Dong-uibogam(東醫寶鑑)" or "Dong-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)" thought.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.59-74
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were to analyse the written clothing described in the magazine (Yea-Won) and then to review the characteristics of advertising and trends of fashion in Korea for last 10 years of 1955-1965 with a new approach to classify the images of fashion. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The characteristics of fashion advertising during this period indicated design appeals, pragmatic appeals, and image appeals. It also represented intermediate status of modern advertising and publication. 2. The trends of fashion market segmentation could be divided into four types: Fashion which considered seasons and time-place-occasion/ Fashion considered ages, occupations, and body conditions/ Fashion focused on materials/ Fashion with enlightenment, 3. The most frequently used colors were black. navy blue, white, and gray, however, it showed varieties from late 1964. Fashion materials used in clothing were kinds of wools, cottons, synthetic and combined materials. 4. Image appeals of fashion trends could be classified as Active-Country and Romantic-Elegance images.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.29
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• pp.173-204
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to promote understanding of the book selection theory by researching dialectically of its development process centering on the BSTv(value theory) and BSTd(demand theory). The results of this study are summarized as follows 1. In the period of enlightenment and education, the book selection theory of public libraries was the thesis state of BSTv(d). 2. Antithesis state of BSTv(d), that is, BSTd was raised to real central theory of book selection in the early 20th century. 3. In the 1930-40's, BSTv and BSTd were transformed into balance state or coexistence relations(BSTb $[v(d){\cdot}d(v)$]. 4. After World War II, BSTn(library needs theory) and BSTo(library objective theory) were evoked, and opposed to the existing selection theories. Now, they are developing into BSTbl$[n(d)\cdot\;o(v)\;or\;n(d){\cdot}v(o)]$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.140-144
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• 2006

Modern architecture after enlightenment period of Korea has been defamed indifferently before preparing devices for preservation. Many modern architecture has been underestimated by the feeling of being cultural victimized for Japan and economic logic. Other advanced countries make laws for their historic heritage with a concept for past-present-future. Also they re-create their cultural heritage to help their local economic. As the Registration System is established at july 2001, we have to find organic, positive interior space utilization methods about modern architecture. Modern architecture is private property in real using but it has historic trace. Therefore, modern architecture can be affirmative social property because it is a base of historic, cultural circumstances for local identity. The purpose of this study is to construct preservation and utilization methods of interior space for modern architecture.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.29
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• pp.11-44
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to investigate the general characteristics of modem library which was in a germinal stage at the opening period of Korea. The major findings of this study is summarized as follows. 1. Modern libraries which began to develop during the opening period of Korea were deeply rooted in the spirit of patriotism. After 1905, which was the year of so-called Korean-Japanese Protocal concluded under the Japanese military pressure, the patriotic enlightenment campaign against foreign penetration developed rapidly throughout the country. Accordingly, the movement for establishing modern library was carried out among advanced reformers. 2. The first modern school library was built in the private school of Wonan established by the residents of Wonsan area. They believed that the best way to strengthen the national power to oppose Japanese penetration was to learn the Western culture and technology. 3. The first modern public library named The Central Library of Korea was originated by Oh Ha Young and his comrade in 1906. Included among these promoters of the library were Yun Chi Ho and Min Sang Ho, two persons who had experienced Western culture during their study abroad. 4. Pakmunkuk, the newspaper office of the government, had its own library in 1883 which was the first modernized special library in Korea. 5. Major factors which hindered the rapid growth modern libraries m the opening period are as follows; (1) Lack of people's demand fer the library. (2) Limited scope of the publications(mainly school text-books) (3) Poor financial conditions. 6. Japanese invasion in 1910 had broken the growing roots of modern libraries in formative stage.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-33
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• 2011

The late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries of Korea were the times when the Confucianism (牲理學) ideology was shaken heavily under the influences of modernism and capitalism by Western and Japanese military and political-economic forces. Under such circumstances, alteration of clothing was much influenced by ideologies than changes in social structure or technological advance. In this study, an ideology was defined as "the force which drives people into a particular social order". Ideologies were postulated as an ongoing process of socialization with dialectic features rather than being a static state. Comparative analyses on conflict structures and different clothing patterns symbolizing the ideologies of the Ruling (支配) and the Opposition (對抗) were conducted. Investigating dresses as representations of ideologies is to reconsider the notion of dichotomous confrontation between the conservatives (守舊派) and the progressives (開化派) and a recognition of Koreans' passively accepting modernity during the Japanese occupation. This may also have contributed to enlightening Koreans about modernization. Here are the results. First, the theoretical review found that ideologies were represented by not only symbols of discourse, but also dresses, and that dresses embodied both physical and conceptual systems presenting differences between ideologies and their natures, Second, during the late 19th century Korea, conflict between conservatives' Hanbok (韓服) and progressives' Western suits (洋服) was found. Moderate progressives showed their identity by "Colored Clothing" (深色衣), and radical progressives by black suits with short hair (黑衣斷髮) or by western suits (洋服). The ultimate goal of both parties was a "Modern Nation". With these efforts, pale jade green coats and traditional hats symbolizing the nobleman class was eliminated within 30 years from 1880 to 1910, and then simple robes and short hair emerged. However, the powerful Japanese army had taken over the hegemony of East Asia, and Korea was sharply divided into modernization and pro-Japanese camps. Third, during the time of Japanese colonial rule, the dress codes having set by the modernization policies during the time of enlightenment were abandoned and colonial uniforms for the colonial system was meticulously introduced. During this period, Western or Japanese-style uniforms were the symbol of the ruling ideology. In the mean time, Hanbok, particularly "White Clothing (白衣)", emerged as a representation of the opposition ideology. However, due to Japan's coercive power and strong zeal for "Great orient (大東亞)", white clothing remained as a mere symbol. Meanwhile, Reformists (實力養成論者) movement toward improving quality of life followed a similar path of the Japanese policies and was eventually incorporated into the ruling ideology. Fourth, dresses as representations of ruling ideologies were enforced by organizational powers, such as organizations and laws, and binding policies, and changes in such dresses were more significant when the ruling ideologies were stronger. Clothing of the opposition ideology was expressed as an aggregation of public consciousness. During the period, the subjects of ruling ideology and the objects who were granted modernization benefits were different although their drives for colored clothing with short hair (色衣斷髮) for modernization were similar.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.21
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• pp.77-110
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• 2004

This study is an exploration of a Korean-American writer, Hong-Eun's Mong-yu siga. Hong-Eun immigrated to the United States during the colonial rule of the Japanese government. He was a publisher of The New Korea Times, and contributed various literary works to it. The purpose of this study is to analyze his two Mong-yu sigas published in 1935 and 1947 and elucidate their meanings. Using dream as a primary motif, the intention of Mong-yu mode is to achieve desire which is impossible to reach in reality. While his staying in the United States, Hong-Eun could not return his home country for two reasons, that is, political and financial ones. To return Korea desperately, he wrote sigas by adopting Mong-yu mode. His first attempt was reflected as eight pieces of consecutive poetries titled This Mountain In My Dream, I am Home. This Mountain was published on the 25th of April, 1935 and In My Dream, I am Home was contributed from May the 9th of 1935 to July the fourth of the same year. These works were published in the The New Korea Times' poetry column under the pen name of Donghae-soboo , Representing gasa of the enlightenment era, this poetry depicts historical identity of Chosun dynasty, especially focusing on before and after the 1900s. As a result of it, the poetry sketches the ideology of the Middle Ages. His second attempt was A Country and Hometown written as a form of prelude on the 25th of September, 1947. In addition, A Country in My Dream was published as a form of six pieces of consecutive poetry from October the second to November the sixth of 1947. He chose sijo as a major form of poetry, and the image of the poetry seemed to be the continuation of his first attempt. Confronting the reality of the his own country which is divided, the writer expresses his antagonism toward America and Russia. Although he could eventually return his country later, he rationalized himself by saying that his it is not the ideal place to go. Mong-yu mode is a traditional poetic technique which the intellectuals of the Middle Age used to use as one pattern of allegory. In addition to this, in the period of the enlightenment of Korea, Mong-yu was used to avoid the Japanese censorship and experiment on the diverse ways of writing. In terms of literary history, the significance of Hong-Eun's creation of Mong-yu sigas is that Hong-Eun shares the same intention with Korean intellectuals of the enlightenment period.