• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.413-419
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• 2013

The mainstay therapy against leishmaniasis is still pentavalent antimonial drugs; however, the rate of antimony resistance is increasing in endemic regions such as Iran. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance to antimonials could be helpful to improve treatment strategies. This study aimed to recognize genes involved in antimony resistance of Leishmania tropica field isolates. Sensitive and resistant L. tropica parasites were isolated from anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and drug susceptibility of parasites to meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime$^{(R)}$) was confirmed using in vitro assay. Then, complementary DNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) approaches were utilized on mRNAs from resistant and sensitive L. tropica isolates. We identified 2 known genes, ubiquitin implicated in protein degradation and amino acid permease (AAP3) involved in arginine uptake. Also, we identified 1 gene encoding hypothetical protein. Real-time RT-PCR revealed a significant upregulation of ubiquitin (2.54-fold), and AAP3 (2.86-fold) (P<0.05) in resistant isolates compared to sensitive ones. Our results suggest that overexpression of ubiquitin and AAP3 could potentially implicated in natural antimony resistance.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6191-6196
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• 2012

Aims and Background: Traditional chemotherapy strategies for human leukemia commonly use drugs based on cytotoxicity to eradicate cancer cells. One predicament is that substantial damage to normal tissues is likely to occur in the course of standard treatments. Obviously, it is urgent to explore therapies that can effectively eliminate malignant cells without affecting normal cells. Our previous studies indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_1$ ($Rg_1$), a major active pharmacological ingredient of ginseng, could delay normal hematopoietic stem cell senescence. However, whether $Rg_1$ can induce cancer cell senescence is still unclear. Methods: In the current study, human leukemia K562 cells were subjected to $Rg_1$ exposure. The optimal drug concentration and duration with K562 cells was obtained by MTT colorimetric test. Effects of $Rg_1$ on cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry and by SA-${\beta}$-Gal staining. Colony-forming ability was measured by colony-assay. Telomere lengths were assessed by Southern blotting and expression of senescence-associated proteins P21, P16 and RB by Western blotting. Ultrastructural morphology changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: K562 cells demonstrated a maximum proliferation inhibition rate with an $Rg_1$ concentration of $20{\mu}\;mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for 48h, the cells exhibiting dramatic morphological alterations including an enlarged and flat cellular morphology, larger mitochondria and increased number of lysosomes. Senescence associated-${\beta}$-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-Gal) activity was increased. K562 cells also had decreased ability for colony formation, and shortened telomere length as well as reduction of proliferating potential and arrestin $G_2$/M phase after $Rg_1$ interaction. The senescence associated proteins P21, P16 and RB were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion: Ginsenoside $Rg_1$ can induce a state of senescence in human leukemia K562 cells, which is associated with p21-Rb and p16-Rb pathways.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.351-356
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• 2008

Cerebral palsy, a range of non-progressive syndromes of posture and motor impairment, is a common cause of disability in childhood. Self-injurious behavior(SIB) is deliberate harm to the body without suicidal intend, often involving repetitive actions that cause tissue damage. One of the most common orofacial self-injurious behavior is chewing tongue, lip or oral mucosa. This kind of SIB in children is not common in normal children. High occurrence rates are observered in cases of syndromatic, mentally retarded children, and children with congenital disease. Various methods such as behavior modification, behavior control by drugs, body restraints, application of dental appliance, surgery and extraction of teeth have been suggested to control those self-injurious behavior. Using mouthguard as one of dental applainaces is the most conservative and appropriate method in terms of reducing oral self-injurious habits and protection of tissue. This case report describes a child with cerebral palsy who presented with self-injurious ulceration of lip and buccal mucosa. A modified mouthguard was effective in preventing self-injurious oral trauma in a child with cerebral palsy.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2011

Neonatal bleeding is a common problem encountered in nursery rooms or neonatal intensive care units, especially among premature infants. Furthermore, owing to recent remarkable improvement of neonatology, survival rates of preterm neonates have increased; hence, neonatal bleeding cannot be emphasized enough. Since the total blood volume of neonates is small, bleeding can be one of the causes of morbidities and mortalities. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and immediate therapy is urgently needed. The patient's medical history including a familial history of a bleeding disorder or of a previously affected infant who suffered from bleeding along with maternal and neonatal drugs can provide important diagnostic clues. Presence of bleeding with or without petechiae and ecchymoses in a healthy term or late preterm infant with thrombocytopenia but normal prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time strongly suggests a congenital bleeding disorder. For a sick infant who is bleeding from multiple sites, an acquired disorder such as disseminated intravascular coagulation is suspected. Intracranial hemorrhage in term or late preterm infants without a history of birth trauma is highly suggestive of coagulation disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in diagnostic methods is as well as basic concepts of neonatal hemostatic disorders. First, an outline of background information will be presented followed by a discussion of primary and secondary hemostatic disorders as well as inherited and acquired disorders.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.511-518
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• 1998

Anti-complementary assay for immuno-stimulating polysaccharide screening, human tumor colony-forming assay for discovering anti-tumor drugs, and toxic assay against mouse were performed to examine pharmacological activities of polysaccharides extracted from fruiting bodies of Jang-soo mushroom (Fomitella fraxinea). Hot water $(100^{\circ}C,\;FF-I)$, 1% ammonium oxalate solution $(80^{\circ}C,\;FF-II)$, and 5% sodium hydroxide solution $(80^{\circ}C,\;FF-III)$ were used for extraction of three polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of it. Anti-complementary activity of FF-I was more effective than the others. FF-I was further fractionated into three groups of polysaccharide by DEAE-Sephadex A25 column chromatography (FF-NP, FF-AP1, and FF-AP2). FF-AP1 showed not only the highest anti-complementary activity but also the growth-inhibitory activity against Snu-I (human stomach cancer cell) among 9 kinds of human tumor cell lines. But FF-AP2 exhibited its activity against Hep-2(larynx cancer) and KB(mouth epidermal cancer) cell lines at $500\;{\mu}g/ml$ although its anti-complementary activity was lower than it of FF-AP1. When FF-I was orally administrated to mice with dosage of 5000 mg/kg, no remarkable changes were observed in viewpoint of tissue-pathology.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2000

The repeated silica gel colum chromatographies of EtOAc fraction, showing anticonvulsant activity, obtained from MeOH extracts of Schizandra chinensis B. fruits led to isolation of a sesquiterpenoid, four lignans and a sterol glycoside. Their chemical structures were determined to be chamigrenal, gomisin A, gomisin H, gomisin N. schizandrin and daucosterol. Among them, schizandrin and daucosterol inhibited GABA degrative enzymes, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and succinic semialdehyde reductase, respectively. It is postulated that the schizandrin and daucosterol are able to elevate the neurotransmitter GABA levels in central nervous system by inhibitory action on GABA degrative enzymes and act as anticonvulsant drugs.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 1996

Ninety-six isolates of Edwardsiella tarda recovered from outbreaks of Edwardsiellosis in cultured eels(Anguilla japonica) in Kunsan, were examined for drug susceptibility, distribution and transferabilities of R plasmid. All of the E. tarda isolates examined were sensitive to gentamicin(GM), streptomycin(SM), norfloxacin(NF), and amikacin(AK). But most isolates were resistant to sulfadimethoxine(SD, 86 strains), ampicillin(AM, 84 strains), penicillin G(PM, 80 strains), nalidixic acid (NA, 67 strains), oxytetracycline(OT, 44 strains), and oxolinic acid(OA, 37 strains). Twenty different combinations of drug resistance patterns were observed : the frequently encountered pattern was SD-AM-PM-NA-OA(16 strains), SD-AM-PM-NA(14 strains), SD-AM-PM-NA-OT-OA(12 strains), SD-AM-PM-OT(10 strains), and SD-AM-PM-NA-OT(8 strains). Transferable R plasmids were found out to be carried in 78 out of 94 resistant strains, indicating that these isolates carry conjugally transferable R plasmids associated with single or multiple drugs. The frequently observed transferarble R plasmids were AM(8 strains), AM-PM-NA(8 strains), Am-SD(6 strains), PM(6 strains), and SD(6 strains) These results suggest that high dose of various antibacterials might have already been introduced to eel culture system leading to the acquirement of multi-drug resistance to wide range of antibacterials.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2018

Doxorubicin is a anti-cancer drugs that interferes with the growth and spread of cancer cells in human body. Doxorubicin is used to treat different types of cancers that affect the ovary, thyoid and lungs, but induced side effect such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Thus, we investigated that the effect of iridin on doxorubicin-induced necrosis in HK-2 cells, a human proximal tubule cell. To confirm effect of iridin on doxorubicin-induced necrosis, HK-2 cells are treated with $10{\mu}M$ doxorubicin and $80{\mu}M$ iridin. $80{\mu}M$ iridin reduced $10{\mu}M$ doxorubicin-induced necrosis, the mitochondrial over activation and caspase-3 activation. However, iridin reduces anti-cancer effect of doxorubicin such as PARP1 and caspase-3 activation, checkpoint proteins (CDK4 and CDK6) in NCI-H1129 cells (Human non-small cell lung cancer cell). In HCT-116 cells (Human colorectan cancer cell), iridin do not increased protein expression of CDK4 and CDK6 decreased by doxorubicin. Results indicate that treatment of iridin was diminished doxorubicin-induced necrosis in HK-2 cells. However, iridin was decreased anti-cancer effect of doxorubicin on NCI-H1229, but not HCT-116. Thus, further experiment are required to iridin treatment on various cancer cells and animal models because effect of iridin different cell type.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 1998

Purpose : This study was performed to analyze the efficacy of induction chemotherapy fellowed by radiation therapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer Materials and Methods : Eighty patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated from 1989 to 1995 at Pusan Paik hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Twenty-one patients were treated with induction chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy and Fifty-nine Patients were treated with radiation therapy alone. Chemotherapy regimen consisted of cisplatin-based combination (2 or 3 drugs). All patients were treated by Co-60 or 6 MV linear accelerators. Radiation dose ranged from 50 Gy to 80 Gy (median 64.8 Gy). We evaluated response rate, survival rate, and pattern of failure in both treatment groups. Results : Overall response rate in induction chemotherapy group and radiotherapy alone group were 48% and 45%, respectively. Of the 80 patients, 46 patients were evaluable for pattern of failure. Initial failure pattern in induction chemotherapy group was as follows: 8 (67%) at locoregional, 4 (33) in distant metastasis. Radiation alone group was 21 (71%) and 5 (29%), respectively. Results showed no difference of distant failure between induction chemotherapy group and radiation alone group. The 1 and 2 year survival rate in induction chemotherapy group were 43% and 14%, respectively and in radiotherapy alone group, 31% and 7%, respectively (p=0.135). Conclusion : In stage III non-small cell lung cancer, induction chemotherapy and radiation therapy showed increased tendency in survival with no statistical significance Induction chemotherapy seems to have no effect of decreasing distant failure and no survival advantage compared with radiotherapy alone.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2008

Pharmaceutists are interested in drugstores which are selling, the sundries, cosmetics, medical devices, with drugs. Because drug stores without prescription issued by doctor have faced on finacial difficulties since speciality between doctors and pharmaceutists set us law. There are two types of drugstore which is a type of common drugstore, other is a type of traditional drugstore based on pharmaceuties in steady of big size of store based on studies, cosmetics and so on. Expansion of business for drugstore show us that most of customer are who are very sensitive in circumstance. Since 2,000 it has been expanded to large scale, so market analysts expect that volume of market will be increased to 10 times within 5 years. Drugstores have several kinds of merchandises which customers can take a choice for their demands, so most of customers the young generations. However, market customers will be changed to medium, and old generations as drugstores set freely. Furthermore everybody will enjoy in at drugstores effectively this reports that include of counter based on proposals and validities. This study show examples that have been executed successfully by the advanced countries, moreover big companies in domestic market have been expanding their market share for drugstore business. Through out change of circumstance surrounding drugstores, this report indicate how to induce the large drugstore with validities and trends. Since speciality of pharmaceutists and doctors executed, direction and a forecast of developing drugstores under change of distribution of them and may be suggested. I hope that this research will be helpful of interesting in drugstores, and also lot of distributors focuses on drugstores to develop the drugstores in future.