• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2015

Black soybean teata is helpful to preventing obesity through enhancing energy expenditure and suppressing accumulation in mesenteric adipose tissue. The ethanol testa-extract of Cheongja #3 black soybean (ETCBS) is also have similar effects on obesity. So far, it is not clear whether the ethanol testa extract of black soybean can have effect on the characters of subcutaneous adipose stem cells such as proliferation, activity, and adipogenicity. The doubling time was different between subcutaneous adipose-derived stem (ADS) and visceral ADS cells. By the in vitro culture and passage, the doubling time was increased both of them. The shape was not different between groups and their passages were not cause the change of shapes. In the case of visceral ADS cells, the doubling time was 62.3 h or 40.3 h in control or high fat diet administrated mice, respectively, but not modified in subcutaneous ADS cells. ETCBS administration caused of increased the doubling time from 62.3 h to 84.2 h. ETCBS had suppressive effects on the cellular activity of subcutaneous ADS cells. The intensity of Oil Red O staining was very faint in 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$ ETCBS treated groups. The amounts of accumulated triglyceride were also significantly low in 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$ treated groups. From these results we know that the doubling times and the effects of ETCBS are different by the anatomical origin of ADS cells. It also suggested that ETCBS may suppress the differentiation of subcutaneous ADS cells into the precursors and maturing of adipocytes.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2018

We had already reported the successful germination for green pods of purple lady's slipper orchid (Cypripedium macranthos Sw.). The green pod methods is to take immature seeds in green capsules, sterilize the capsule, and take out the sterile seeds. This method, however, needs very critical time of harvest. The critical time of seed harvest changes depending upon the species, condition of the specimen, and climatic influence, and the right time lies between 5 and 12 weeks after fertilization. In this study, the mature seeds were collected after 120-130 days with hand-polination of lady's slipper orchids. Mature seeds are usually dormant and it has to be overcome, either with hormone or storing the seeds near freezing for two or three months to break dormancy. The seeds were first surface sterilized with 70% ethanol and then transferred 1% NaOCl for 10-15 minutes, followed by rinses 3 times with sterilized distilled water. The cypripedium seeds consists of an embryo within a seed coat known as a testa. The testa is water repellent and the seed has a large air space between the embryo and testa so the seed tends to float on water. We had resolved the problems with vacuum pump to soak water into the testa before sterilization. The seeds were placed on liquid or agar solidified germination media. Cultures were incubated at $24{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ in dark. The seeds were germinated in 6-8 weeks in liquid suspension culture (germination percentage over 18%); however, the seeds on agar solidified media took more than 5 months to germinate and the germination percentage less than 5%. The most effective media for liquid culture was 1/4 strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 50 ml/l coconut water ($4brix^{\circ}$) at pH 5.8.

• Lettere Italiane
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• no.33
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• pp.1-27
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• 2011

Questo studio ha lo scopo di configurare la gerarchia tematica del sintagma genitivale in italiano all'interno della struttura sintattica. Il sintagma genitivale composto dalla forma "sostantivo+di+sostantivo", può avere i significati di descrizione, origine, apposizione, parte, luogo, e anche può rappresentare la struttura argomentale come argomento esterno(caso soggettivo) o argomento interno(caso oggettivo) e può assegnare il ruolo tematico di agente, tema, esperiente, beneficario in relazione al rapporto con la testa nominale oltre ad avere il significato possesivo. Per quanto riguarda la realizzazione e il significato dell'argomento nel sintagma genitivale diverse che cambiano secondo il tipo della testa nominale, ho classificato i nomi deverbali come nomi monoargomentali, nomi biargomentali, nomi triargomentali sulla base di Renzi et al(1991). Inoltre avendo confermato che il marcatore del caso genitivale di deve esserci nel caso in cui obbligatoriamente la struttura del sintagma nominale composto dai vari livelli, come NP, FP e DP, proposti da Longobardi(2001) per spiegare la differenza semantica del sintagma genitivale con la struttura sintattica, ho cercato di individuare l'ordine degli argomenti, osservando l'ambiguità e il cambiamento del significato del sintagma genitivale nel sintagma nominale. Cioé la differenza della possibilità interpretativa è una cosa strutturale, quindi possibilmente si può configurare la semantica del sintagma genitivale nella struttura sintattica.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2013

Speed germination success and robust vegetative growth of citrus rootstock through improved sowing methods and fertilizer inputs offer the usage of root system for the citrus. The current study evaluated the influence of seed coat removal and different fertilizer concentrations on plant germination and plant growth of spontaneous rootstock siblings. Decoated and coated seeds of diploid and tetraploid plants were sown in tubes. Commercial fertilizer concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and $10g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ were added. The experimental layout followed a randomized block $2{\times}6$ factorial design (seed coat removal ${\times}$ fertilizer concentration) for each rootstock. Fertilizer concentrations were 0, 10, 20 and $30g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of the fertilizer for the resistance of the strength on the salt level. The germination rate of seeds without testa sown in vitro was improved (67-80%) compared to that of nontreated seeds. The eventual tree height of the seeds without testa in the diploid group was increased due to higher fertilization compared to that in the nontreated group. The removal of seed testa promoted the seed germination of both diploid and tetraploid trifoliate orange and resulted in greater height. Their vegetative development was also increased due to the increased fertilization of the rootstock. The Fv/Fm value for the diploid plants was 0.4 and 0.8 for the tetraploid ones under salt stress after 11 days of treatment. The removal of seed testa may improve the seed germination of trifoliate orange. Tetraploid trifoliate orange appears to possess resistance to salt stress compared to the diploid variety.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.299-309
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts on lipid profiles in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: One control group and four STZ-induced diabetic groups with different doses of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts treatment [0 mg/kg (diabetic control, EX), 250 mg/kg (EX-250), 500 mg/kg (EX-500), 1,000 mg/kg (EX-1000)] were orally administered for 4 weeks. Results: All CJ-3 treatment groups had remarkably lower serum triglyceride (TG) levels than that of EX group (p < 0.05) whereas hepatic TG contents did not show any differences. Results from serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations of EX-250 and EX-1000 groups were decreased compared to EX group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, protein levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase from the liver decreased in all treatment groups (p < 0.05). However, significant differences were not observed in serum glucose and insulin, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) protein expression in skeletal muscle tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that black soybean testa extracts could be useful for improvement of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesteremia in diabetes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.881-887
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cashew nut testa (CNT) as an alternative feed ingredient to wheat bran on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk composition, and blood profiles of gestating sows. Methods: Forth multiparous sows ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) were fed experimental diets starting at 35 days of pregnancy and an initial average body weight (BW) of $211.53{\pm}8.86kg$. Each sow was assigned to a treatment based on BW, backfat thickness (BF) and parity with 10 sows per treatment. Treatments were as follows: i) corn-soybean meal based diet with 6% of wheat bran (C0); ii) basal diet with 2% of CNT and 4% of wheat bran (C2); iii) basal diet with 4% of CNT and 2% of wheat bran (C4); and iv) basal diet with 6% of CNT (C6). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in BW and BF of gestating sows throughout the experimental period. However, changes in BF (p = 0.09) and the daily feed intake of sows (p = 0.09) tended to linearly increase during the lactation period. The weaning to estrus interval (WEI) showed a quadratic response to CNT treatment (p = 0.02), and the C2 diet showed the shortest WEI. Litter birth weight (p = 0.04) and piglet birth weight (p = 0.06) were linearly decreased with increase in CNT. Furthermore, there had no significant differences in piglet weight and litter weight in 21 day. Insulin concentration at day 70 of gestation was linearly reduced with increasing CNT level in diets (p = 0.03). Conclusion: When 6% CNT replaced wheat bran in gestating sow diets, there were no negative effects on sow performance, but litter birth weight and piglet birth weight were decreased when CNT level increased in gestating sow diets.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.43-51
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• 2018

Objectives : Pharbitidis Semen, the seeds of Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth or I. purpurea (L.) Roth, is well-known traditional herbal medicine in Korea. But it is often marketed as a different seed or mixtures of its closely related species. Thus, the present study aims to provide external and micromorphological characters and identification key by using stereoscope (ST) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for discriminating authentic of Pharbitidis Semen. Methods : A discrimination on external morphological characteristics of sepals, fruits, seeds, and hilum, testa cell micromorphology in the original plants and its congeneric species was carried out using digital calipers, ST, and SEM. Results : Number of valves (degree of apex of each valve), number of seeds per locule, hairy in capsules and size, luster, density of hairy, hilum shape in seeds and shape of cell, anticlinal, periclinal wall in testa may have high discriminative value. The seeds of Ipomoea nil as an original plant of Pharbitidis Semen were distinguished from other species by the relative larger in size, ovoid-trigonous in shape, mostly flabellate or triangular to trapezoid in outline (c.s.), dull, and puberulent in surface and thicken anticlinal wall. Conclusions : On the basis of the results, an identification key of Pharbitidis Semen and closely related species is provided. Our observations suggest that the combination of morphological characters and other studied results could be helpful in the successfully identified authentic herbal medicines. Moreover, micromorphological characters using SEM could be useful for discriminating authentic medicines.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.141-159
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• 2009

우리나라는 2002년 초저출산 사회(합계출산율 1.3명 이하)로 진입한 후 합계출산율이 평균 1.2 이하인 상황이 지속되고 있다. 이러한 초저출산 상황이 향후 지속된다면 인구고령화의 사회 경제적 여파가 예상보다 클 것으로 전망된다. 과연 이런 초저출산 추세가 일시적인 것인지 아니면 앞으로 계속 지속될 것인지에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 최근 저출산함정 가설(low fertility trap hypothesis)을 제기한 Lutz, Skirbekk and Testa(2006)의 논의를 소개한다. 그들은 크게 인구학적, 사회적, 그리고 경제적 요인과 같이 3가지 요인으로 구분하여 저출산함정의 존재 가능성을 논하고 있다. 그렇다면 과연 우리나라는 저출산함정에 빠져 있는가? 먼저 고령화 가설의 경우 출생아수와 고령화간 부(-)의 관계가 나타나고 있으며, 최근 이상자녀수가 2.2~2.3명이지만, 실제자녀수는 그 수준을 하회하고 있어 이상자녀수가설도 지지된다. 상대소득가설의 경우, 류덕현(2007)의 연구결과에 따르면 연령 계층 간 상대소득이 출산율에 정(+)의 효과를 보여 상대소득가설이 지지되는 것으로 나타났다. 물론 제한된 영역에서 완벽한 검증이 이루어진 것은 아니지만, 적어도 출산율이 대체수준까지 회복되기에는 어려운 상황이라는 점을 발견할 수 있었으며, 이는 우리나라의 저출산 문제가 얼마나 심각한 수준인지를 재확인시켜준다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 1996

Lipase specific activity in cocoa beans varied from 70 to 40 ${\mu}mol/min/mg$ protein during six days of fermentation. At the end of this period most parts of the cotyledon has turned to brown color which would be more distinguishable after drying. The beans were slightly swollen thus causing its testa to disintegrate. During fermentation there was a decrease in pH from 6.4 to 5.8. Whereas the percentage of acetic acid was increased by 0.04% of wet weight beans on the third day but decreased progressively with time.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 1989

The bacteria utilizing 3-chlorobenzoate as a sole carbon and energy source were isolated by Most-Probable-Number technique and identified in Korean coastal waters. Pseudomonas, Moraxella and Flavobacterium were dominant genera and comprised 70.2% of total isolates. Forty-four biochemical, cultural, morphological and physiological testa were performed and average linding cluster analysis was conducted from the test results. Total 92.7% of isolates were clustered into 17 groups under the 80% similarity level. The degradation of 3-chlorobenzoate was performed by many heterogeneous bacteria and the species diversity of these bacterial group offers informations of the stability of bacterial communities in relation to carbon compound cycling in coastal enviromnents.